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Physical Review A

Quantum entanglement creation for distant quantum memories via time-bin multiplexing

Zhihao Xie, Yijie Liu, Xiang Mo, Tao Li, Zhenhua Li

Published Dec 6, 2021• 46 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum networks require parallel quantum entanglement between pairs of distant quantum memories (QMs) for practical applications. However, usually one pair of QMs is entangled using a single photonic pulse and multiple pulses are consumed to generate parallel entanglement between pairs of QMs. We propose a multiplexing method for simultaneously entangling multiple pairs of QMs located in two distant nodes. A single photon with high-dimensional encoding first entangles with all QMs in one node, leading to hybrid entanglement between a high-dimensional photon and two-dimensional QMs, and then it interacts with QMs in the other node and converts the hybrid entanglement to entanglement between multiple pairs of QMs in a heralded way. This can significantly increase the efficiency of large-scale quantum networks by reducing the exponential transmission loss via time-bin multiplexing. Furthermore, this protocol presents a specific connection between high-dimensional and two-dimensional quantum systems.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.104.062409

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Quantum networks require parallel quantum entanglement between pairs of distant quantum memories (QMs) for practical applications. However, usually one pair of QMs is entangled using a single photonic pulse and multiple pulses are consumed to generate parallel entanglement between pairs of QMs. We propose a multiplexing method for simultaneously entangling multiple pairs of QMs located in two distant nodes. A single photon with high-dimensional encoding first entangles with all QMs in one node, leading to hybrid entanglement between a high-dimensional photon and two-dimensional QMs, and then it interacts with QMs in the other node and converts the hybrid entanglement to entanglement between multiple pairs of QMs in a heralded way. This can significantly increase the efficiency of large-scale quantum networks by reducing the exponential transmission loss via time-bin multiplexing. Furthermore, this protocol presents a specific connection between high-dimensional and two-dimensional quantum systems.
Quantum entanglement between pairs of remote quantum memories (QMs) is a prerequisite for realizing many applications in quantum networks. Here, we present a heralded protocol for the parallel creation of quantum entanglement among multiple pairs of QMs placed in spatially separated nodes, where each QM, encoding a stationary qubit, couples to an optical cavity and deterministically interacts with single photons. Our protocol utilizes an entangled photon pair encoded in the high-dimensional time-bin degree of freedom to simultaneously entangle multiple QM pairs, and is efficient in terms of reducing the time consumption and photon loss during transmission. Furthermore, our approach can be extended to simultaneously support spatial-temporal multiplexing, as its success is heralded by the detection of single photons. These distinguishing features make our protocol particularly useful for long-distance quantum communication and large-scale quantum networks.
Nonlocal entanglement generation among multiple remote quantum nodes provides a critical foundation for a variety of counterintuitive quantum applications. The exponential loss of photons transmitting over optical fibers sets an upper limit for entangling these quantum nodes. Here, we propose a resource-efficient and parallel protocol for entangling multiple remote quantum nodes via time-bin multiplexing. The transmission of a single photon with qudit-encoding in the time-bin mode enables entangling multiple stationary qubits in parallel, when single photons and individual stationary qubits interfaces are used and photon-state modulations are properly introduced before subsequently impinging the photon into each interface. Our protocol can generate parallel multipartite entanglement among (N≥3N\geq3N≥3) quantum nodes with the dimension of the photonic time bins independent of NNN, exponentially reducing the requirements for the coherence time of the stationary qubits and for the complexity of the photonic modulations. These distinct features make our protocol particularly advantageous for the development of multinode quantum networks.
Nonlocal entanglement generation among multiple remote quantum nodes provides a critical foundation for a variety of counterintuitive quantum applications. The exponential loss of photons transmitting over optical fibers sets an upper limit for entangling these quantum nodes. Here, we propose a resource-efficient and parallel protocol for entangling multiple remote quantum nodes via time-bin multiplexing. The transmission of a single photon with qudit-encoding in the time-bin mode enables entangling multiple stationary qubits in parallel when single photons and individual stationary qubit interfaces are used and photon-state modulations are properly introduced before subsequently impinging the photon into each interface. Our protocol can generate parallel multipartite entanglement among (N≥3) quantum nodes with the dimension of the photonic time bins independent of N, exponentially reducing the requirements for the coherence time of the stationary qubits and for the complexity of the photonic modulations. These distinct features make our protocol particularly advantageous for the development of multinode quantum networks.
Establishing quantum entanglement between pairs of distant quantum memories (QMs) is essential for numerous applications in quantum networks. In this paper, we propose some heralded schemes for entanglement generation between multiple pairs of QMs placed in long-distance separated nodes, where the qubits are encoded on QMs coupled to a one-dimensional waveguide. By distributing a pair of spatial-polarization hyperentangled photons to two distant nodes, where each photon scatters with QMs, we can generate entanglement between multiple pairs of distant QMs. In our schemes, the faulty scattering events can be filtered out and discarded via detecting the polarization states of scattered photon components within each module QM. Moreover, the responses from single-photon detectors placed at the end of each node enable us to obtain direct entangled states between QMs in a heralded manner. Eventually, we theoretically extend the proposed schemes by demonstrating specific regularities that arise when entangling more pairs of QMs. With recent advancements in hyperentanglement generation, our schemes become increasingly feasible for practical implementation.
Nonlocal quantum entanglement is a fundamental resource for future quantum networks. However, the efficiency of generating nonlocal entanglement between distant nodes is severely limited by the exponential loss incurred when locally generated entangled states are distributed through lossy quantum channels. This limitation becomes more pronounced in practical scenarios requiring the simultaneous distribution of multiple entangled pairs. Although classical multiplexing approaches, such as spatial, temporal, and frequency multiplexing, can increase the nonlocal entanglement generation rate, they do not improve the single-shot transmission efficiency. In contrast, quantum multiplexing, which can be generated by high-dimensional encoding of single photons, allows for the parallel generation of multiple nonlocal entangled pairs in a single transmission round, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency of nonlocal entanglement generation. Quantum multiplexing thus presents a promising route toward scalable quantum networks. This review introduces the mechanisms of generating nonlocal entanglement through quantum multiplexing, and focuses on two main methods: using high-dimensional single-photon encoding and high-dimensional biphoton entanglement distribution. Then it examines how quantum multiplexing can accelerate the generation of nonlocal quantum logical entanglement. Finally, it briefly explores the potential of quantum multiplexing for building large-scale quantum networks.
The use of multiplexed atomic quantum memories (MAQM) can significantly enhance the efficiency to establish entanglement in a quantum network. In the previous experiments, individual elements of a quantum network, such as the generation, storage, and transmission of quantum entanglement have been demonstrated separately. Here we report an experiment to show the compatibility and integration of these basic operations. Specifically, we generate photon-atom entanglement from any chosen pair of memory cells in a 6×5 MAQM, convert the spin-wave to time-bin photonic excitation after a controllable storage time, and then store and retrieve the photon in a second MAQM for another controllable storage time. The preservation of quantum information in this process is verified by measuring the state fidelity. We also demonstrate that higher dimension quantum states can be transferred between the two distant MAQMs.