The author theoretically studies the structure of self-bound one-dimensional droplets containing a mixture of ytterbium fermionic isotopes. The results indicate that these droplets consist of consecutive molecules made up of two different isotopes of ytterbium.
By means of a diffusion Monte Carlo technique, we study one-dimensional unbalanced mixtures of fermionic ytterbium atoms (173Yb and 171Yb). This means clusters in which the total number of 173Yb particles is different from the sum of all the atoms belonging to the 171Yb isotope. Our aim will be to check the possibility of having self-bound arrangements beyond the balanced compositions reported in previous literature rather than exploring all the situations in which that could be possible. In that vein, we focused mainly on mixtures in which the atoms belonging to one isotope are spin polarized, while the spins of the particles in the other isotope are evenly distributed in two sets. What we found was that, even though self-bound droplets are possible for different compositions, the most stable ones are clusters with a slight excess of attractively interacting 171Yb particles with different spins with respect to the number of spin-polarized 173Yb atoms. Clusters in which the number of repulsively interacting unequal-spin 173Yb atoms are in excess with respect to the spin-polarized 171Yb particles have a very narrow stability range.
Diffusion Monte Carlo calculations on the possibility of having self-bound one-dimensional droplets of SU(6) $\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ SU(2) ultracold fermionic mixtures are presented. We found that, even though arrangements with attractive interactions with only two spin types are not self-bound, mixtures with at least three kinds of fermions form stable small drops. However, that stabilization decreases for very tight confinements, where a universal behavior is found for Fermi-Fermi and Fermi-Boson clusters including attractive and repulsive interactions.
While quantum fluctuations in binary mixtures of bosonic atoms with short-range interactions can lead to the formation of a self-bound droplet, for equal intracomponent interactions but an unequal number of atoms in the two components, there is an excess part that cannot bind to the droplet. Imposing confinement, as here through periodic boundary conditions in a one-dimensional setting, the droplet becomes amalgamated with a residual condensate. The rotational properties of this compound system reveal simultaneous rigid-body and superfluid behavior in the ground state and uncover that the residual condensate can carry angular momentum even in the absence of vorticity. In contradiction to the intuitive idea that the superfluid fraction of the system would be entirely made up of the excess atoms not bound by the droplet, we find evidence that this fraction is higher than what one would expect in such a picture. Our findings are corroborated by an analysis of the elementary excitations in the system, and shed new light on the coexistence of localization and superfluidity.
Fermionic polar molecules in deep one-dimensional (1D) optical lattices may form self-assembled filaments when the electric dipoles are oriented along the lattice axis. These composites are bosons or fermions depending on the number of molecules per chain, leading to a peculiar and complex Bose-Fermi mixture, which we discuss in detail for the simplest case of a three-well potential. We show that the interplay among filament binding energy, transverse filament modes, and trimer Fermi energy leads to a rich variety of possible scenarios ranging from a degenerate Fermi gas of trimers to a binary mixture of two different types of bosonic dimers. We study the intriguing zero-temperature and finite-temperature physics of these composites for the particular case of an ideal filament gas loaded in 1D sites, and we discuss possible methods to probe these chain mixtures.
Self-bound quantum droplets are a newly discovered phase in the context of ultracold atoms. In this Letter, we report their experimental realization following the original proposal by Petrov [Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 155302 (2015)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.115.155302], using an attractive bosonic mixture. In this system, spherical droplets form due to the balance of competing attractive and repulsive forces, provided by the mean-field energy close to the collapse threshold and the first-order correction due to quantum fluctuations. Thanks to an optical levitating potential with negligible residual confinement, we observe self-bound droplets in free space, and we characterize the conditions for their formation as well as their size and composition. This work sets the stage for future studies on quantum droplets, from the measurement of their peculiar excitation spectrum to the exploration of their superfluid nature.