Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:2307.13348

Boost clustering with Gaussian Boson Sampling: a full quantum approach

Nicolò Bonaldi, Martina Sofia Rossi, Daniele Mattioli, Michele Grapulin, Blanca Silva Fernandéz, Davide Caputo, Marco Magagnini, Arianna Osti, Veronese, Fabio

Published Jul 25, 2023• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Gaussian Boson Sampling (GBS) is a recently developed paradigm of quantum computing consisting of sending a Gaussian state through a linear interferometer and then counting the number of photons in each output mode. When the system encodes a symmetric matrix, GBS can be viewed as a tool to sample subgraphs: the most sampled are those with a large number of perfect matchings, and thus are the densest ones. This property has been the foundation of the novel clustering approach we propose in this work, called GBS-based clustering, which relies solely on GBS, without the need of classical algorithms. The GBS-based clustering has been tested on several datasets and benchmarked with two well-known classical clustering algorithms. Results obtained by using a GBS simulator show that on average our approach outperforms the two classical algorithms in two out of the three chosen metrics, proposing itself as a viable full-quantum clustering option.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2307.13348

Related papers

Boost clustering with Gaussian Boson Sampling: a quantum-classical hybrid approach

Nicolò Bonaldi, Martina Sofia Rossi, Daniele Mattioli +6 more

Gaussian Boson Sampling (GBS) is a recently developed paradigm of quantum computing consisting of sending a Gaussian state through a linear interferometer and then counting the number of photons in each output mode. When the system encodes a symmetric matrix, GBS can be viewed as a tool to sample subgraphs: the most sampled are those with a large number of perfect matchings, and thus are the densest ones. This property has been the foundation of the novel clustering approach we propose in this work, called GBS-based clustering , which relies solely on GBS, without the need of classical algorithms. The GBS-based clustering has been tested on several datasets and benchmarked with two well-known classical clustering algorithms. Results obtained by using a GBS simulator show that on average, our approach outperforms the two classical algorithms in two out of the three chosen metrics, proposing itself as a viable quantum-classical hybrid clustering option.

Quantum Machine Intelligence•Oct 8, 2024•4 citations

Gaussian boson sampling: Benchmarking quantum advantage

Ned Goodman, Alexander S. Dellios, Margaret D. Reid +1 more

Quantum computers solve intractable problems which classically require an exponentially long time to compute. With the development of large-scale experiments that claim quantum advantage, a vital issue has now emerged. What are the errors, and how do they affect the complexity of the problem solved? Large-scale Gaussian boson sampling (GBS) experiments give an example in which random numbers are generated. Despite classical hardness, these have computable benchmarks for checking data validity. While there are other quantum computing architectures, Gaussian boson sampling is uniquely testable at all scales. Several large, pioneering quantum computing (QC) experiments have been carried out to investigate quantum advantage. Here, we introduce a highly scalable but classical algorithm that can solve GBS approximately. Our numerical simulation of the output count data is closer to the exact solution than current experiments up to 1152 modes. This algorithm outperforms all previous classical, approximate algorithms and scales efficiently to larger experiments. Our results show that effects beyond losses can cause the errors that allow classical simulability. This work will lead to more precise algorithms and is a step towards understanding how QC quantum advantage is affected by the underlying physics.

quant-pharXiv:2604.12330•Apr 15, 2026•0 citations

Certification of Gaussian Boson Sampling via graphs feature vectors and kernels

Taira Giordani, Valerio Mannucci, Nicolò Spagnolo +4 more

Abstract Gaussian Boson Sampling (GBS) is a non-universal model for quantum computing inspired by the original formulation of the Boson Sampling (BS) problem. Nowadays, it represents a paradigmatic quantum platform to reach the quantum advantage regime in a specific computational model. Indeed, thanks to the implementation in photonics-based processors, the latest GBS experiments have reached a level of complexity where the quantum apparatus has solved the task faster than currently up-to-date classical strategies. In addition, recent studies have identified possible applications beyond the inherent sampling task. In particular, a direct connection between photon counting of a genuine GBS device and the number of perfect matchings in a graph has been established. In this work, we propose to exploit such a connection to benchmark GBS experiments. We interpret the properties of the feature vectors of the graph encoded in the device as a signature of correct sampling from the true input state. Within this framework, two approaches are presented. The first method exploits the distributions of graph feature vectors and classification via neural networks. The second approach investigates the distributions of graph kernels. Our results provide a novel approach to the actual need for tailored algorithms to benchmark large-scale Gaussian Boson Samplers.

arXiv:2202.07711•Quantum Science and Technology•Sep 30, 2022•9 citations

Biclustering a dataset using photonic quantum computing

Ajinkya Borle, Ameya Bhave

Biclustering is a problem in machine learning and data mining that seeks to group together rows and columns of a dataset according to certain criteria. In this work, we highlight the natural relation that quantum computing models like boson and Gaussian boson sampling (GBS) have to this problem. We first explore the use of boson sampling to identify biclusters based on matrix permanents. We then propose a heuristic that finds clusters in a dataset using Gaussian boson sampling by (i) converting the dataset into a bipartite graph and then (ii) running GBS to find the densest sub-graph(s) within the larger bipartite graph. Our simulations for the above proposed heuristics show promising results for future exploration in this area.

Frontiers in Computer Science•Nov 20, 2024•0 citations

Gaussian Boson Sampling for Asset Clustering in Statistical Arbitrage Portfolios

Dayne Marcus Lopena, Daniel Buguks, Zhenghao Li +7 more

Gaussian Boson Sampling (GBS) provides a native photonic quantum heuristic for sampling dense subgraphs from adjacency matrices, offering a scalable physical approach to combinatorial graph search problems. Simultaneously, correlation matrix clustering algorithms, such as Spectral and SPONGE, have established robust benchmarks for identifying co-moving assets from correlation matrices in statistical arbitrage (StatArb) strategies. In this work, we map S&P 500 residual correlation data into GBS-compatible adjacency matrices. We benchmark those classical clustering algorithms against two quantum clustering algorithms, GBS Boost and our novel GBS Roots, to construct dynamic, market-neutral portfolios over a rolling one-year window. Simulations across distinct macroeconomic regimes reveal that quantum clustering generates superior alpha within large stock universes during periods of high volatility, effectively isolating structural market idiosyncrasies. Crucially, this economic advantage persists under simulated low-loss conditions and extends into high-loss regimes via the application of coherent displacement to compensate for photon loss. Our findings underscore the efficacy of GBS-derived graph clustering in constructing robust StatArb portfolios, establishing a quantum foundation for broader quantitative finance applications.

quant-pharXiv:2607.19279•Jul 22, 2026•0 citations

Biclustering a dataset using photonic quantum computing

Ajinkya Borle, Ameya Bhave

Biclustering is a problem in machine learning and data mining that seeks to group together rows and columns of a dataset according to certain criteria. In this work, we highlight the natural relation that quantum computing models like boson and Gaussian boson sampling (GBS) have to this problem. We first explore the use of boson sampling to identify biclusters based on matrix permanents. We then propose a heuristic that finds clusters in a dataset using Gaussian boson sampling by (i) converting the dataset into a bipartite graph and then (ii) running GBS to find the densest sub-graph(s) within the larger bipartite graph. Our simulations for the above proposed heuristics show promising results for future exploration in this area.

arXiv:2405.18622•May 28, 2024•0 citations
Gaussian Boson Sampling (GBS) is a recently developed paradigm of quantum computing consisting of sending a Gaussian state through a linear interferometer and then counting the number of photons in each output mode. When the system encodes a symmetric matrix, GBS can be viewed as a tool to sample subgraphs: the most sampled are those with a large number of perfect matchings, and thus are the densest ones. This property has been the foundation of the novel clustering approach we propose in this work, called GBS-based clustering, which relies solely on GBS, without the need of classical algorithms. The GBS-based clustering has been tested on several datasets and benchmarked with two well-known classical clustering algorithms. Results obtained by using a GBS simulator show that on average our approach outperforms the two classical algorithms in two out of the three chosen metrics, proposing itself as a viable full-quantum clustering option.
Gaussian Boson Sampling (GBS) is a recently developed paradigm of quantum computing consisting of sending a Gaussian state through a linear interferometer and then counting the number of photons in each output mode. When the system encodes a symmetric matrix, GBS can be viewed as a tool to sample subgraphs: the most sampled are those with a large number of perfect matchings, and thus are the densest ones. This property has been the foundation of the novel clustering approach we propose in this work, called GBS-based clustering , which relies solely on GBS, without the need of classical algorithms. The GBS-based clustering has been tested on several datasets and benchmarked with two well-known classical clustering algorithms. Results obtained by using a GBS simulator show that on average, our approach outperforms the two classical algorithms in two out of the three chosen metrics, proposing itself as a viable quantum-classical hybrid clustering option.
Quantum computers solve intractable problems which classically require an exponentially long time to compute. With the development of large-scale experiments that claim quantum advantage, a vital issue has now emerged. What are the errors, and how do they affect the complexity of the problem solved? Large-scale Gaussian boson sampling (GBS) experiments give an example in which random numbers are generated. Despite classical hardness, these have computable benchmarks for checking data validity. While there are other quantum computing architectures, Gaussian boson sampling is uniquely testable at all scales. Several large, pioneering quantum computing (QC) experiments have been carried out to investigate quantum advantage. Here, we introduce a highly scalable but classical algorithm that can solve GBS approximately. Our numerical simulation of the output count data is closer to the exact solution than current experiments up to 1152 modes. This algorithm outperforms all previous classical, approximate algorithms and scales efficiently to larger experiments. Our results show that effects beyond losses can cause the errors that allow classical simulability. This work will lead to more precise algorithms and is a step towards understanding how QC quantum advantage is affected by the underlying physics.
Abstract Gaussian Boson Sampling (GBS) is a non-universal model for quantum computing inspired by the original formulation of the Boson Sampling (BS) problem. Nowadays, it represents a paradigmatic quantum platform to reach the quantum advantage regime in a specific computational model. Indeed, thanks to the implementation in photonics-based processors, the latest GBS experiments have reached a level of complexity where the quantum apparatus has solved the task faster than currently up-to-date classical strategies. In addition, recent studies have identified possible applications beyond the inherent sampling task. In particular, a direct connection between photon counting of a genuine GBS device and the number of perfect matchings in a graph has been established. In this work, we propose to exploit such a connection to benchmark GBS experiments. We interpret the properties of the feature vectors of the graph encoded in the device as a signature of correct sampling from the true input state. Within this framework, two approaches are presented. The first method exploits the distributions of graph feature vectors and classification via neural networks. The second approach investigates the distributions of graph kernels. Our results provide a novel approach to the actual need for tailored algorithms to benchmark large-scale Gaussian Boson Samplers.
Biclustering is a problem in machine learning and data mining that seeks to group together rows and columns of a dataset according to certain criteria. In this work, we highlight the natural relation that quantum computing models like boson and Gaussian boson sampling (GBS) have to this problem. We first explore the use of boson sampling to identify biclusters based on matrix permanents. We then propose a heuristic that finds clusters in a dataset using Gaussian boson sampling by (i) converting the dataset into a bipartite graph and then (ii) running GBS to find the densest sub-graph(s) within the larger bipartite graph. Our simulations for the above proposed heuristics show promising results for future exploration in this area.
Gaussian Boson Sampling (GBS) provides a native photonic quantum heuristic for sampling dense subgraphs from adjacency matrices, offering a scalable physical approach to combinatorial graph search problems. Simultaneously, correlation matrix clustering algorithms, such as Spectral and SPONGE, have established robust benchmarks for identifying co-moving assets from correlation matrices in statistical arbitrage (StatArb) strategies. In this work, we map S&P 500 residual correlation data into GBS-compatible adjacency matrices. We benchmark those classical clustering algorithms against two quantum clustering algorithms, GBS Boost and our novel GBS Roots, to construct dynamic, market-neutral portfolios over a rolling one-year window. Simulations across distinct macroeconomic regimes reveal that quantum clustering generates superior alpha within large stock universes during periods of high volatility, effectively isolating structural market idiosyncrasies. Crucially, this economic advantage persists under simulated low-loss conditions and extends into high-loss regimes via the application of coherent displacement to compensate for photon loss. Our findings underscore the efficacy of GBS-derived graph clustering in constructing robust StatArb portfolios, establishing a quantum foundation for broader quantitative finance applications.
Biclustering is a problem in machine learning and data mining that seeks to group together rows and columns of a dataset according to certain criteria. In this work, we highlight the natural relation that quantum computing models like boson and Gaussian boson sampling (GBS) have to this problem. We first explore the use of boson sampling to identify biclusters based on matrix permanents. We then propose a heuristic that finds clusters in a dataset using Gaussian boson sampling by (i) converting the dataset into a bipartite graph and then (ii) running GBS to find the densest sub-graph(s) within the larger bipartite graph. Our simulations for the above proposed heuristics show promising results for future exploration in this area.