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arXiv:2305.10755 · Advanced Quantum Technologies

Measurement‐Device‐Independent Quantum Secret Sharing

Xiao‐Qiu Cai, Shuang Li, Zi‐Fan Liu, Tian‐Yin Wang

Published Jun 12, 2024• 11 citations
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Abstract

Abstract Quantum secret sharing has many important applications in quantum communication and secure multiparty computing. In this work, a novel measurement‐device‐independent protocol for three‐party quantum secret sharing is put forward, in which the dealer and two sharers are required to prepare Greenberger‐Horne‐Zeilinger states and single particles, respectively, but they only need to perform single‐particle measurement. As a result, this protocol is feasible in experiments by using current technologies. More importantly, it can extend the spatial distance among three participants for quantum state transmissions at least 15.47% compared to the previous protocols.

DOI
10.1002/qute.202400060

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Modern Physics Letters A•Jun 14, 2024•8 citations
Abstract Quantum secret sharing has many important applications in quantum communication and secure multiparty computing. In this work, a novel measurement‐device‐independent protocol for three‐party quantum secret sharing is put forward, in which the dealer and two sharers are required to prepare Greenberger‐Horne‐Zeilinger states and single particles, respectively, but they only need to perform single‐particle measurement. As a result, this protocol is feasible in experiments by using current technologies. More importantly, it can extend the spatial distance among three participants for quantum state transmissions at least 15.47% compared to the previous protocols.
A new multiparty measurement-device-independent quantum secret sharing (MDI-QSS) protocol is proposed based on entanglement swapping. All the measurement tasks are delegated to an untrusted party, eliminating all detector-side-channel loopholes. Only Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) pairs, single photons and Bell-state measurements are required irrespective of the number of participants. Compared with existing MDI-QSS protocols, no additional unitary operations or Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ)-state measurements are needed. Our protocol is feasible experimentally and holds inspiring potential for the application in practical multiparty quantum communication networks.
Currently most progress on quantum secret sharing suffers from rate-distance bound, and thus the key rates are limited. In addition to the limited key rate, the technical difficulty and the corresponding cost together prevent large-scale deployment. Furthermore, the performance of most existing protocols is analyzed in the asymptotic regime without considering participant attacks. Here we report a measurement-device-independent quantum secret-sharing protocol with improved key rate and transmission distance. Based on spatial multiplexing, our protocol shows it can break rate-distance bounds over network under at least ten communication parties. Compared with other protocols, our work improves the secret key rate by more than two orders of magnitude and has a longer transmission distance. We analyze the security of our protocol in the composable framework considering participant attacks and evaluate its performance in the finite-size regime. In addition, we investigate applying our protocol to digital signatures where the signature rate is improved more than 107{10}^{7}107 times compared with existing protocols. We anticipate that our quantum secret-sharing protocol will provide a solid future for multiparty applications on the quantum network.
Abstract Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is a multi-party quantum communication mode, which allows the dealer to split a key into several parts and send each part of a key to a participant. The participants can obtain the key only by cooperation. Entanglement swapping is a promising method to construct the entanglement channel. In the paper, we propose a multiple-participant measurement-device-independent QSS protocol based on entanglement swapping. All the measurement tasks are handed over to an untrusted measurement party, so that our protocol can resist all possible attacks from imperfect measurement devices. Our protocol requires the linear-optical Bell state analysis, which is easy to operate. Our protocol has application potential in the future quantum communication field.
Multiparty quantum communication provides delightful applications, including quantum cryptographic communication and quantum secret sharing. Quantum communication based on the Greenberg-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state measurement provides a practical way to implement multiparty quantum communication. With the standard spatially localized GHZ state measurement, however, information can be imbalanced among the communication parties that can cause significant problems in some applications of multiparty cryptographic communication, e.g., secret sharing. Here, we propose an equitable multiparty quantum communication where information balance among the communication parties is achieved without a trusted third party. Our scheme is based on the GHZ state measurement that is not spatially localized but implemented in a way that all the distant communication parties symmetrically participate. We also verify the feasibility of our scheme by presenting the proof-of-principle experimental demonstration of informationally balanced three-party quantum communication using weak coherent pulses.
Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is a typical multi-party quantum communication mode, in which the key sender splits a key into several parts and the participants can obtain the key by cooperation. Measurement-device-independent quantum secret sharing (MDI-QSS) is immune to all possible attacks from measurement devices and can greatly enhance QSS’s security in practical applications. However, previous MDI-QSS’s key generation rate is relatively low. Here, we adopt the polarization-spatial-mode hyper-encoding technology in the MDI-QSS, which can increase single photon’s channel capacity. Meanwhile, we use the cross-Kerr nonlinearity to realize the complete hyper-entangled Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state analysis. Both above factors can increase MDI-QSS’s key generation rate by about 103. The proposed hyper-encoded MDI-QSS protocol may be useful for future multiparity quantum communication applications.
Most semi-quantum secret sharing protocols are suitable for the application with three participants. Based on the n-level states, a multiparty semi-quantum secret sharing protocol is proposed. Compared with similar protocols, it has the merits as follows. (1) The dealer only needs to prepare the single photon sequence without using any product state or entangle state. (2) To share a secret, the classical parties need not have the ability of measurement. They only need to reorder the photon sequence and send it to the receiver. (3) The dealer knows nothing about any agent’s secret shadow. Therefore, it is infeasible for the dealer to impersonate the classical participant to pool the secret shadow during the secret recovering phase. (4) Theoretically, the qubit efficiency of the proposed protocol is asymptotically 100%. The protocol is secure against famous attacks such as intercept-resend attack, measurement-resend attack and entangle-measure attack.