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arXiv:2006.08091 · Physical Review Applied

Equitable Multiparty Quantum Communication Without a Trusted Third Party

Tanumoy Pramanik, Dong-Hwa Lee, Young‐Wook Cho, Hyang-Tag Lim, Sang-Wook Han, Hojoong Jung, Sung Moon, Kwang Jo Lee, Yong-Su Kim

Published Dec 29, 2020• 8 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Multiparty quantum communication provides delightful applications, including quantum cryptographic communication and quantum secret sharing. Quantum communication based on the Greenberg-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state measurement provides a practical way to implement multiparty quantum communication. With the standard spatially localized GHZ state measurement, however, information can be imbalanced among the communication parties that can cause significant problems in some applications of multiparty cryptographic communication, e.g., secret sharing. Here, we propose an equitable multiparty quantum communication where information balance among the communication parties is achieved without a trusted third party. Our scheme is based on the GHZ state measurement that is not spatially localized but implemented in a way that all the distant communication parties symmetrically participate. We also verify the feasibility of our scheme by presenting the proof-of-principle experimental demonstration of informationally balanced three-party quantum communication using weak coherent pulses.

DOI
10.1103/physrevapplied.14.064074

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Multiparty quantum communication provides delightful applications, including quantum cryptographic communication and quantum secret sharing. Quantum communication based on the Greenberg-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state measurement provides a practical way to implement multiparty quantum communication. With the standard spatially localized GHZ state measurement, however, information can be imbalanced among the communication parties that can cause significant problems in some applications of multiparty cryptographic communication, e.g., secret sharing. Here, we propose an equitable multiparty quantum communication where information balance among the communication parties is achieved without a trusted third party. Our scheme is based on the GHZ state measurement that is not spatially localized but implemented in a way that all the distant communication parties symmetrically participate. We also verify the feasibility of our scheme by presenting the proof-of-principle experimental demonstration of informationally balanced three-party quantum communication using weak coherent pulses.
A new multiparty measurement-device-independent quantum secret sharing (MDI-QSS) protocol is proposed based on entanglement swapping. All the measurement tasks are delegated to an untrusted party, eliminating all detector-side-channel loopholes. Only Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) pairs, single photons and Bell-state measurements are required irrespective of the number of participants. Compared with existing MDI-QSS protocols, no additional unitary operations or Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ)-state measurements are needed. Our protocol is feasible experimentally and holds inspiring potential for the application in practical multiparty quantum communication networks.
Abstract Quantum secret sharing has many important applications in quantum communication and secure multiparty computing. In this work, a novel measurement‐device‐independent protocol for three‐party quantum secret sharing is put forward, in which the dealer and two sharers are required to prepare Greenberger‐Horne‐Zeilinger states and single particles, respectively, but they only need to perform single‐particle measurement. As a result, this protocol is feasible in experiments by using current technologies. More importantly, it can extend the spatial distance among three participants for quantum state transmissions at least 15.47% compared to the previous protocols.
In this paper, we propose an efficient multi-party quantum secret sharing scheme based on GHZ entangled state. The participants in this scheme are divided into two groups, and share secrets as a group. There is no need to exchange any measurement information between the two groups, reducing the security problems caused by the communication process. Each participant holds one particle from each GHZ state; it can be found that the particles of each GHZ state are related after measuring them, and the eavesdropping detection can detect external attacks based on this characteristic. Furthermore, since the participants within the two groups encode the measured particles, they can recover the same secrets. Security analysis shows that the protocol can resist the intercept-and-resend attack and entanglement measurement attack, and the simulation results show that the probability of an external attacker being detected is proportional to the amount of information he can obtain. Compared with the existing protocols, this proposed protocol is more secure, has less quantum resources and is more practical.
Reference frame mismatch among communication parties introduces errors in quantum cryptographic protocols. As the number of participants increases, aligning reference frames becomes increasingly difficult, complicating multipartite quantum cryptographic implementations. Here, we theoretically and experimentally investigate multipartite reference-frame-independent (RFI) quantum cryptographic communication using Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states. We generalize the bipartite RFI security parameter CCC to an NNN-party parameter CNC_NCN​ and derive the asymptotic secret key rate expressed solely in terms of experimentally accessible quantities. We analyze the key rate under global and local depolarizing noise models and find that increasing the number of parties NNN enhances robustness against global depolarizing noise while increasing vulnerability to local channel noise. We also present a proof-of-principle experimental demonstration of four-party RFI quantum cryptographic communication using four-photon GHZ states, confirming the reference-frame invariance of both the C4C_4C4​ parameter and the secret key rate under various reference frame rotations.
Secure multi-party extremum, as a significant offshoot of secure multi-party computation, has extensive applications in various domains, including healthcare, financial transactions, market analysis, sports events, etc. Nevertheless, most existing secure multi-party extremum protocols rely on computational hard problems and are thus vulnerable to quantum algorithms. This paper presents a quantum secure multi-party extremum protocol that is built upon the correlations of Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) states. Within this protocol, multiple participants, with the aid of a semi-honest third party, can obtain the maximum and minimum values of their secret inputs. GHZ states act as the information carriers and are transmitted among the participants and the third party. Their unique correlations ensure the secure transmission of quantum particles. The analysis demonstrates that the proposed protocol is capable of not only warding off common external attacks but also resisting internal attacks launched by dishonest participants and the semi-honest third party. Moreover, the protocol boasts correctness and high scalability.
Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is a crucial quantum cryptographic method that provides unconditional secu-rity through the principles of quantum mechanics and enables practical applications in information security and distributed computing. Many QSS protocols have been proposed based on various quantum properties and operations. In this study, we propose a new and efficient multiparty quantum secret sharing protocol that utilizes entanglement swapping with the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and introduces a novel structure to efficiently and securely distribute and recover secrets. Due to entanglement swapping, participants can entangle systems without directly interacting with each other, enhancing practical usage. Through GHZ entanglement swapping, initial particle states cannot be directly inferred. The proposed QSS protocol leverages this property to encode information among participants. To decode the secret, participants only require measuring particles on a GHZ basis to get the corresponding information without performing operations. Through security analysis, it is shown that any eavesdropper or dishonest participant will be detected. Efficiency analysis indicates that the proposed protocol substantially reduces costs and significantly enhances efficiency. As the number of participants increases, the resource consumption of the proposed protocol becomes much lower than that of other QSS protocols. In summary, the proposed protocol efficiently achieves unconditional security in QSS, ensuring the secure transmission and sharing of quantum information.