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arXiv:2303.10071 · Physical Review A

Bose-Einstein condensate as a diagnostic tool for an optical lattice formed by 1064-nm laser light

V. V. Tsyganok, D. A. Pershin, Vladimir Khlebnikov, D. A. Kumpilov, I. A. Pyrkh, A. E. Rudnev, E. A. Fedotova, D. V. Gaifudinov, I. S. Cojocaru, K. A. Khoruzhii, P. A. Aksentsev, Anna K. Zykova, Alexey V. Akimov

Published Jul 11, 2023• 4 citations
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Abstract

Recently, thulium has been condensed to Bose-Einstein condensate. While the condensate of Thulium has a lot of applications in quantum simulations and other areas of physics, it can also serve as a unique diagnostic tool for many atomic experiments. In the present study, the Bose-Einstein condensate of Thulium was successfully loaded into an optical lattice and utilized to diagnose the lattice as well as detect unwanted reflections in the experiments with the 1064 nm optical lattice, which will further be used in a quantum gas microscope experiment.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.108.013310

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•Jan 1, 2006•5 citations
Recently, thulium has been condensed to Bose-Einstein condensate. While the condensate of Thulium has a lot of applications in quantum simulations and other areas of physics, it can also serve as a unique diagnostic tool for many atomic experiments. In the present study, the Bose-Einstein condensate of Thulium was successfully loaded into an optical lattice and utilized to diagnose the lattice as well as detect unwanted reflections in the experiments with the 1064 nm optical lattice, which will further be used in a quantum gas microscope experiment.
Recently, thulium has been condensed to Bose-Einstein condensate. Machine learning was used to avoid a detailed study of all obstacles, making cooling difficult. This paper analyzes the atomic loss mechanism for the 532-nm optical trap, used in the Bose-condensation experiment, and compares it with the alternative and more traditional micrometer-range optical dipole trap. We also measured the scalar and tensor polarizability of thulium at 1064 nm, which were found to be $167\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}25$ a.u. ($275\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}41\phantom{\rule{0.55542pt}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.55542pt}{0ex}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}41}\mathrm{F}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$) and $\ensuremath{-}4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ a.u. ($7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2\phantom{\rule{0.55542pt}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.55542pt}{0ex}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}41}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{F}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$), respectively.
Seventy years after Einstein's prediction, the seminal achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute atomic gases in 1995 has provided us with a new form of quantum matter. Such quantum matter can be described as a single giant matter wave. By loading it into an artificial periodic potential formed by laser light—a so-called optical lattice—it has become possible to probe matter far beyond the wave-like description. In a review of a series of experiments with ultracold quantum gases in optical lattices, we show that the granularity of the matter wave field, caused by the discreteness of atoms, gives rise to effects going beyond the simple single matter wave description. Bose–Einstein condensates in optical lattices have thereby opened novel possibilities for investigating strongly correlated many-particle phenomena of condensed matter physics and have opened new opportunities for quantum information processing with neutral atoms
Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) is a powerful tool for a wide range of research activities, a large fraction of which is related to quantum simulations. Various problems may benefit from different atomic species, but cooling down novel species interesting for quantum simulations to BEC temperatures requires a substantial amount of optimization and is usually considered to be a difficult experimental task. In this work, we implemented the Bayesian machine learning technique to optimize the evaporative cooling of thulium atoms and achieved BEC in an optical dipole trap operating near 532 nm. The developed approach could be used to cool down other novel atomic species to quantum degeneracy without additional studies of their properties.
The number of atoms in Bose-Einstein condensate determines the scale of experiments that can be performed, making it crucial for quantum simulations. Optimization of the number of atoms in the condensate is a complex problem which could be efficiently solved using the machine learning technique. Nevertheless, this approach usually does not give any insight in the underlying physics. Here we demonstrate the possibility to learn physics from machine learning on an example of condensation of thulium atoms at a 1064-nm dipole trap. Optimization of the number of condensed atoms revealed a saturation, which was explained as a limitation imposed by a three-body recombination process. This limitation was successfully overcome by leveraging Fano-Feshbach resonances.
Bose-Einstein condensates in optical lattices have proven to be a powerful tool for studying a wide variety of physics. In this thesis a series of experiments using optical lattices to manipulate 87Rb Bose-Einstein condensates are described. A systematic shift of the photon recoil momentum due to the index of refraction of a dilute gas of atoms has been observed. The recoil frequency was measured interferometrically using a two-pulse Ramsey interferometer. The two pulses were created using a one dimensional optical lattice. By measuring the resulting frequency as a function of the lattice detuning from the atomic resonance, we found a distinctive dispersive shape for the recoil frequency that fit the recoil momentum as nr~k. A one-dimensional optical lattice was used to modify the dispersion relation of the condensate in order to demonstrate the matter-wave analogue of Optical Parametric Generation (OPG) and Amplification (OPA) of photons. A condensate was loaded into a moving optical lattice with adjustable quasimomentum k0. As the value for k0 was varied, we observed elastic scattering into two distinct final momentum states k1