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arXiv:2302.02106 · Physical Review A

Losses of thulium atoms from optical dipole traps operating at 532 and 1064 nm

V. V. Tsyganok, D. A. Pershin, Vladimir Khlebnikov, D. A. Kumpilov, I. A. Pyrkh, A. E. Rudnev, E. A. Fedotova, D. V. Gaifudinov, I. S. Cojocaru, K. A. Khoruzhii, P. A. Aksentsev, A. K. Zykova, Alexey V. Akimov

Published Feb 21, 2023• 9 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Recently, thulium has been condensed to Bose-Einstein condensate. Machine learning was used to avoid a detailed study of all obstacles, making cooling difficult. This paper analyzes the atomic loss mechanism for the 532-nm optical trap, used in the Bose-condensation experiment, and compares it with the alternative and more traditional micrometer-range optical dipole trap. We also measured the scalar and tensor polarizability of thulium at 1064 nm, which were found to be $167\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}25$ a.u. ($275\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}41\phantom{\rule{0.55542pt}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.55542pt}{0ex}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}41}\mathrm{F}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$) and $\ensuremath{-}4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ a.u. ($7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2\phantom{\rule{0.55542pt}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.55542pt}{0ex}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}41}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{F}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$), respectively.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.107.023315

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Recently, thulium has been condensed to Bose-Einstein condensate. Machine learning was used to avoid a detailed study of all obstacles, making cooling difficult. This paper analyzes the atomic loss mechanism for the 532-nm optical trap, used in the Bose-condensation experiment, and compares it with the alternative and more traditional micrometer-range optical dipole trap. We also measured the scalar and tensor polarizability of thulium at 1064 nm, which were found to be 167\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi25167\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}25167\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi25 a.u. (275\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi41\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10\ensuremath−41Fm2275\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}41\phantom{\rule{0.55542pt}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.55542pt}{0ex}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}41}\mathrm{F}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{m}}^{2}275\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi41\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10\ensuremath−41Fm2) and \ensuremath−4\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi1\ensuremath{-}4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1\ensuremath−4\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi1 a.u. (7\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi2\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10\ensuremath−41Fm27\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2\phantom{\rule{0.55542pt}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.55542pt}{0ex}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}41}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{F}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{m}}^{2}7\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi2\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10\ensuremath−41Fm2), respectively.
We report the theoretical prediction and measurement of a tune-out wavelength for the ground state of the thulium atom in a linearly polarized optical dipole trap with a wavelength of approximately 576 nm. The measurements were conducted using a combination of trap frequency and RF loss spectroscopy, thus making it possible to separate the scalar and tensor parts of the total polarizability without measurements in the range of negative total polarizability. The calculated tune-out wavelength is consistent with the measured one of 575.646−0.014+0.016575.646_{-0.014}^{+0.016}575.646−0.014+0.016​ nm in air. The existence of the zero in the polarizability for the Tm ground state was confirmed by the trap loss experiment, which also made it possible to refine the tune-out wavelength to 575.646−0.004+0.004575.646_{-0.004}^{+0.004}575.646−0.004+0.004​. Despite the presence of an imaginary part of the polarizability at some wavelengths, it was experimentally demonstrated that, with a proper choice of the dipole trap polarization, it was possible to achieve Bose-Einstein condensation of thulium atoms in the range from 575.348 to 575.689 nm, covering the tune-out wavelength.
Dipolar atoms have unique properties, making them interesting for laser cooling and quantum simulations. But, due to relatively large orbital momentum in the ground state these atoms may have large dynamic tensor and vector polarizabilities in the ground state. This enables the formation of spin-dependent optical traps. In this paper the real part of tensor and vector dynamic polarizability was experimentally measured and compared to a theoretical simulation. For an optical dipole trap operating around 532.07 nm, tensor polarizability was found to be $\ensuremath{-}145\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}53\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{a}.\mathrm{u}.$ and vector polarizability was $680\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}240\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{a}.\mathrm{u}.$ The measurements were compared with simulations, which were done based on the known set of levels from a thulium atom. The simulations are in good agreement with experimental results. In addition, losses of atoms from the dipole trap were measured for different trap configurations and compared to the calculated imaginary part of vector and tensor polarizabilities.
Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) is a powerful tool for a wide range of research activities, a large fraction of which is related to quantum simulations. Various problems may benefit from different atomic species, but cooling down novel species interesting for quantum simulations to BEC temperatures requires a substantial amount of optimization and is usually considered to be a difficult experimental task. In this work, we implemented the Bayesian machine learning technique to optimize the evaporative cooling of thulium atoms and achieved BEC in an optical dipole trap operating near 532 nm. The developed approach could be used to cool down other novel atomic species to quantum degeneracy without additional studies of their properties.
The efficient capture of thulium atoms from an atomic beam into a magneto-optical trap at the spectrally narrow 530-nm transition with a natural linewidth of 350 kHz, avoiding the primary cooling stage that is standard in many experiments, has been demonstrated. To optimize the capture parameters, a machine learning method with automated control of the experimental setup and feedback has been used, which has made it possible to achieve more than 75% capture efficiency compared to the previously used configuration. In addition, the number of atoms has been measured using 530-nm probe radiation with the ability to achieve signal-to-noise levels comparable to those obtained with fluorescence detection on the strong 410-nm transition. This significantly reduces the requirements for the 410-nm laser system, which was previously used for primary cooling and detection of atoms, simplifying the experimental setup and paving the way toward transportable thulium optical clocks.
The number of atoms in Bose-Einstein condensate determines the scale of experiments that can be performed, making it crucial for quantum simulations. Optimization of the number of atoms in the condensate is a complex problem which could be efficiently solved using the machine learning technique. Nevertheless, this approach usually does not give any insight in the underlying physics. Here we demonstrate the possibility to learn physics from machine learning on an example of condensation of thulium atoms at a 1064-nm dipole trap. Optimization of the number of condensed atoms revealed a saturation, which was explained as a limitation imposed by a three-body recombination process. This limitation was successfully overcome by leveraging Fano-Feshbach resonances.
Recently, thulium has been condensed to Bose-Einstein condensate. While the condensate of Thulium has a lot of applications in quantum simulations and other areas of physics, it can also serve as a unique diagnostic tool for many atomic experiments. In the present study, the Bose-Einstein condensate of Thulium was successfully loaded into an optical lattice and utilized to diagnose the lattice as well as detect unwanted reflections in the experiments with the 1064 nm optical lattice, which will further be used in a quantum gas microscope experiment.