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International Journal of Modern Physics B

BOSONS IN OPTICAL LATTICES

S. L. Rolston

Published Jul 30, 2006• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The advent of coherent matter waves in the form of Bose-Einstein condensates, coupled with periodic potentials in the form of optical lattices, has established a new area of research on the boundary between atomic and condensed matter physics. This article is a brief review of the recent experimental progress in the area of degenerate Bose gases loaded into optical lattices, including strongly correlated systems and the role of dimensionality. Future prospects will also be outlined.

DOI
10.1142/s0217979206035254

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The advent of coherent matter waves in the form of Bose-Einstein condensates, coupled with periodic potentials in the form of optical lattices, has established a new area of research on the boundary between atomic and condensed matter physics. This article is a brief review of the recent experimental progress in the area of degenerate Bose gases loaded into optical lattices, including strongly correlated systems and the role of dimensionality. Future prospects will also be outlined.
Seventy years after Einstein's prediction, the seminal achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute atomic gases in 1995 has provided us with a new form of quantum matter. Such quantum matter can be described as a single giant matter wave. By loading it into an artificial periodic potential formed by laser light—a so-called optical lattice—it has become possible to probe matter far beyond the wave-like description. In a review of a series of experiments with ultracold quantum gases in optical lattices, we show that the granularity of the matter wave field, caused by the discreteness of atoms, gives rise to effects going beyond the simple single matter wave description. Bose–Einstein condensates in optical lattices have thereby opened novel possibilities for investigating strongly correlated many-particle phenomena of condensed matter physics and have opened new opportunities for quantum information processing with neutral atoms
We overview our recent theoretical studies on nonlinear atom optics of the Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) loaded into optical lattices. In particular, we describe the band-gap spectrum and nonlinear localization of BECs in one- and two-dimensional optical lattices. We discuss the structure and stability properties of spatially localized states (matter-wave solitons) in 1D lattices, as well as trivial and vortex-like bound states of 2D gap solitons. To highlight similarities between the behavior of coherent light and matter waves in periodic potentials, we draw useful parallels with the physics of coherent light waves in nonlinear photonic crystals and optically-induced photonic lattices.
Matter waves inside periodic potentials are well known from solid-state physics, where electrons interacting with a crystal lattice are considered. Atomic Bose-Einstein condensates inside light-induced periodic potentials (optical lattices) share many features with electrons in solids, but also with light waves in nonlinear materials and other nonlinear systems. Generally, atom-atom interactions in Bose-Einstein condensates lead to rich and interesting nonlinear effects. Furthermore, the experimental control over the parameters of the periodic potential and the condensate make it possible to enter regimes inaccessible in other systems. In this review, an introduction to the physics of ultracold bosonic atoms in optical lattices is given and an overview of the theoretical and experimental advances to date.
Quantum gases in optical lattices allow for fundamental studies in atomic and condensed-matter physics and the exploration of novel effects. After a brief introduction to the fundamentals of quantum gas experiments in optical lattices, we discuss two recent experiments focusing on driven matter waves in a one-dimensional optical lattice. The first experiment uses a tilted bichromatic optical lattice to investigate the interplay of disorder and collisional interactions in the accelerated transport of a Bose-Einstein condensate. Here, a screening effect is observed, in which the interactions effectively cancel the damping of Bloch oscillations induced by a (quasi-)disordered potential. This effect can be understood through a modification of the underlying band structure by the interactions. The second experiment studies the dynamics of a weakly trapped condensate resonantly coupled to the orbitals of a strongly confining state-selective lattice. We observe momentum distributions that correspond to matter wave diffraction from a periodic structure; however, the diffractive dynamics remain strongly linked to the internal-state Rabi oscillations. In the regime investigated, which we call the nonadiabatic regime, no diffracting potential can be defined. We show how only for much stronger coupling, the internal and external dynamics decouple, transitioning from nonadiabatic diffraction to the well-studied Kapitza-Dirac diffraction. We further investigate prospects for realizing dissipative spin models in our ultracold atomic gas experiment. To this end, we develop and test in the laboratory several possible implementations of effective spins with differential coupling to a superfluid background and examine their viability for a realization of the spin-boson model. | 94 pages
Abstract In recent years degenerate quantum gases confined in optical lattices developed as a new field of research bridging the areas of quantum optics, atomic physics, and condensed matter physics. It offers the possibility of manipulating quantum many‐body systems with an unprecedented flexibility, so that they can be considered as analog simulators of condensed matter systems. Particularly interesting is the possibility of creating strongly correlated bosonic or fermionic systems. We review here recent numerical simulations, where quantum critical behavior is studied both in and out of equilibrium. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ultracold atoms in optical lattices represent a valuable resource for atom interferometry and for the quantum simulation of condensed matter systems, taking advantage of the possibility to tune interactions, adding disorder and changing quantum statistics. I will present a review of the work recently conducted at LENS in this fascinating field, discussing experiments with ultracold bosons, fermions and atomic mixtures in both periodic and disordered optical potentials, as well as the applications of a novel noninteracting 39K Bose-Einstein condensate.