Topological gauge theories provide powerful effective descriptions of certain strongly correlated systems, a prime example being the Chern-Simons gauge theory of fractional quantum Hall states.Engineering topological gauge theories in controlled quantum systems is of both conceptual and practical importance, as it would provide access to systems with exotic excitations such as anyons without the need for strong correlations.Here, we discuss a scheme to engineer the chiral BF theory, a minimal model of a topological gauge theory corresponding to a one-dimensional reduction of the Chern-Simons theory, with ultracold atoms.Using the local conservation laws of the theory, we encode its quantum Hamiltonian into an ultracold quantum gas with chiral interactions.Building on a seminal proposal by Edmonds et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 085301 (2013)], we show how to implement it in a Raman-coupled Bose-Einstein condensate with imbalanced scattering lengths, as we have recently realized experimentally [Frölian et al., Nature (London) 608, 293 (2022)]. We discuss the properties of the chiral condensate from a gauge theory perspective and assess the validity of the effective quantum description for accessible experimental parameters via numerical simulations.Our approach lays the foundation for realizing topological gauge theories in higher dimensions with Bose-Einstein condensates.
Topological gauge theories provide powerful effective descriptions of certain strongly correlated systems, a prime example being the Chern-Simons gauge theory of fractional quantum Hall states.Engineering topological gauge theories in controlled quantum systems is of both conceptual and practical importance, as it would provide access to systems with exotic excitations such as anyons without the need for strong correlations.Here, we discuss a scheme to engineer the chiral BF theory, a minimal model of a topological gauge theory corresponding to a one-dimensional reduction of the Chern-Simons theory, with ultracold atoms.Using the local conservation laws of the theory, we encode its quantum Hamiltonian into an ultracold quantum gas with chiral interactions.Building on a seminal proposal by Edmonds et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 085301 (2013)], we show how to implement it in a Raman-coupled Bose-Einstein condensate with imbalanced scattering lengths, as we have recently realized experimentally [Frölian et al., Nature (London) 608, 293 (2022)]. We discuss the properties of the chiral condensate from a gauge theory perspective and assess the validity of the effective quantum description for accessible experimental parameters via numerical simulations.Our approach lays the foundation for realizing topological gauge theories in higher dimensions with Bose-Einstein condensates.
Ultracold quantum gases constitute a powerful and versatile tool to experimentally explore quantum many-body physics. This thesis presents an original contribution to the quantum simulation of gauge theories with ultracold atoms, which has evolved into a thriving research field during the last years. Gauge theories form the basis of our modern understanding of nature, with applications ranging from high energy to condensed matter physics. A subclass formed by topological gauge theories plays a key role in the effective description of certain strongly correlated materials. An important example is the fractional quantum Hall effect, where the topological Chern-Simons theory can provide an effective single-particle description for some of the filling factors. A simpler toy model which already provides access to the key properties of topological gauge theories is the one-dimensional chiral BF theory obtained from Chern-Simons theory after dimensional reduction. This thesis reports on the quantum simulation of the chiral BF theory in an ultracold gas of bosonic potassium atoms, establishing ultracold quantum gases as a resource for the quantum simulation of topological gauge theories. As a first step, we establish the theoretical framework necessary for the quantum simulation of the chiral BF theory. We start by deriving an encoded Hamiltonian for this gauge theory in which the gauge degrees of freedom are eliminated via the local symmetry constraint. The encoding results in a system with only matter particles that have local but unconventional chiral interactions. We continue by showing that these chiral interactions can be realized in a Raman-dressed Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) with unbalanced interactions by deriving an effective single-component Hamiltonian from a microscopic view in momentum space. Subsequently, we present the implementation of the different ingredients necessary to realize the chiral BF theory in our experiment. In a first series of experiments, we study the effects of coherent coupling on the effective collisional properties of the system. To this end, we employ radio-frequency to couple two internal states with unequal interaction in a 39K BEC. We measure the effective scattering length of the system as a function of the coupling field parameters. Moreover, we use the coherent coupling as an interaction control tool and quench the effective interactions from repulsive to attractive values. Afterwards, we turn to the implementation of Raman coupling and characterize the modifications in the dispersion of Raman-dressed atoms at the single particle level. Finally, we demonstrate the realization of the chiral BF theory by combining Raman coupling and unbalanced interactions in a BEC of 39K. We probe the chiral interactions arising in the system and observe the formation of chiral bright solitons which dissolve as soon as their propagation direction is inverted. Moreover, we use the local symmetry constraint of the theory to reveal the BF electric field through measurements on the matter field alone, and show that it leads to an asymmetric expansion of the condensate. Our experiments establish chiral interactions as a novel resource for quantum simulation experiments and pave the way towards implementing topological gauge theories in higher dimensions with ultracold atoms. Los gases cuánticos ultrafríos constituyen una herramienta poderosa y vers átil para explorar experimentalmente la física cuántica de muchos cuerpos. Esta tesis presenta una contribución original a la simulación cuántica de las teorías gauge con átomos ultrafríos, que se ha convertido en un floreciente campo de investigación durante los últimos años. Las teorías gauge constituyen la base de nuestra comprensión moderna de la naturaleza, con aplicaciones que van desde la física de alta energía hasta la de materia condensada. Una subclase formada por las teorías gauge topológicas desempeña un papel clave en la descripción efectiva de ciertos materiales fuertemente correlacionados. Un ejemplo importante es el efecto Hall cuántico fraccionario, en el que la teoría topológica de Chern-Simons puede proporcionar una descripción efectiva de una sola partícula para algunos de los factores de relleno. Un modelo más sencillo que ya proporciona acceso a las propiedades clave de las teorías gauge topológicas es la teoría BF quiral unidimensional obtenida a partir de la teoría de Chern-Simons tras la reducción dimensional. Esta tesis reporta sobre la simulación cuántica de la teoría BF quiral en un gas ultrafrío de átomos bosónicos de potasio, estableciendo los gases cuánticos ultrafríos como un recurso para la simulación cuántica de teorías gauge topológicas. Como primer paso, establecemos el marco teórico necesario para la simulación cuántica de la teoría BF quiral. Comenzamos derivando un Hamiltoniano codificado para esta teoría gauge en la que los grados de libertad gauge se eliminan a través de la restricción de simetría local. La codificación da como resultado un sistema con sólo partículas de materia que tienen interacciones quirales locales pero no convencionales. Continuamos mostrando que estas interacciones quirales pueden realizarse en un condensado de Bose-Einstein (BEC) con acoplamiento Raman y con interacciones desequilibradas, derivando un Hamiltoniano efectivo de una solo componente desde una visión microscópica en el espacio de momentos. Posteriormente, presentamos la implementación de los diferentes ingredientes necesarios para realizar la teoría BF quiral en nuestro experimento. En una primera serie de experimentos, estudiamos los efectos del acoplamiento coherente sobre las propiedades colisionales efectivas del sistema. Para ello, empleamos radiofrecuencia para acoplar dos estados internos con interacci ón desigual en un condensado de potasio-39. Medimos la longitud de dispersión efectiva del sistema en función de los parámetros del campo de acoplamiento. Además, utilizamos el acoplamiento coherente como herramienta de control de la interacci ón y cambiamos súbitamente las interacciones efectivas desde valores repulsivos hasta atractivos. Posteriormente, pasamos a la implementación del acoplamiento Raman y caracterizamos las modificaciones en la dispersi ón de los átomos con acoplamiento Raman a nivel de una sola partícula. Finalmente, demostramos la realización de la teoría BF quiral combinando el acoplamiento Raman y las interacciones desequilibradas en un BEC de potasio-39. Investigamos las interacciones quirales que surgen en el sistema y observamos la formación de solitones brillantes quirales que se disuelven en cuanto se invierte su dirección de propagación. Además, utilizamos la restricción de simetría local de la teoría para revelar el campo eléctrico BF a través de mediciones en el campo de la materia solamente, y mostramos que conlleva a una expansión asimétrica del condensado. Nuestros experimentos establecen las interacciones quirales como un recurso novedoso para los experimentos de simulación cuántica y establecen las bases para la implementación de teorías gauge topológicas en dimensiones superiores con átomos ultrafríos.
Topological gauge theories constitute a framework for understanding strongly correlated quantum matter in terms of weakly interacting composite degrees of freedom. Their topological properties become evident when these theories are realized on a space of nontrivial topology. Here, we propose a scheme to realize a one-dimensional topological gauge theory, the so-called chiral BF theory, on a ring geometry. We obtain such a theory by dimensionally reducing Chern-Simons theory on a disk to the chiral BF theory defined on the ring. Then, we encode the theory into a Hamiltonian with a coupling between angular momentum and density, and we propose and numerically benchmark its realization in an optically dressed Bose gas confined in a ring-shaped trap. There, the topological properties of the underlying theory manifest themselves through a magnetic flux variable that is density dependent. We quantify such density-dependent magnetic flux in terms of the ground-state angular momentum and the chiral properties of the system through a Bogoliubov analysis. Our proposal enables the observation of topological features of the chiral BF theory that become manifest due to the nontrivial topology of the ring geometry.
(English) The exquisite control available in atomic ultracold quantum gases experiments makes them an ideal candidate for quantum simulation of diverse topics ranging from high energy physics and analogue quantum gravity to strongly correlated condensed matter systems and exotic states of matter. This thesis describes the use of Raman coupling to engineer novel chiral interactions and a double well dispersion relation in potassium Bose-Einstein condensates and exploits them to realise a topological gauge theory and an exotic state of matter known as a supersolid, respectively. A common feature of many topics of interest for quantum simulation is the ability to describe them from the perspective of a gauge theory. Raman coupling has been used to produce artificial gauge fields for more than a decade but usually the gauge fields lack the symmetry constraints necessary to constitute a gauge theory. A well known gauge theory which is used to describe fractional quantum Hall states is the Chern-Simons theory. The Chern-Simons theory is a topological gauge theory so does not have gauge field dynamics in the absence of matter. We have used optical dressing to create chiral interactions in a Bose-Einstein condensate of potassium atoms and encode the dynamics of a one-dimensional reduction of the Chern-Simons theory known as the chiral BF theory into the dynamics of the matter. We have observed chiral solitons and a density-dependent electric field. Our experimental results represent the first successful quantum simulation of a topological gauge theory in the continuum. Supersolids were predicted theoretically more than fifty years ago and have been realised in Bose-Einstein condensates in recent years. In a second series of experiments, we have taken advantage of the unique interaction properties of potassium to engineer a supersolid in a Raman coupled Bose-Einstein condensate with greater stability and contrast than what can be achieved with other alkali atoms. Using matterwave optics techniques, we have been able to image the characteristic density modulations of a supersolid in a Raman coupled Bose-Einstein condensate for the first time. We explore a previously inaccessible parameter regime and demonstrate that the fringe spacing depends on the optical intensity, in contrast to a shallow optical lattice where the fringe spacing is given by the lattice wavevector. Our method of engineering chiral interactions broadens the field of quantum simulation of gauge theories to include topological gauge theories in the continuum and is a step towards simulating the Chern-Simons theory in two dimensions. Our application of matterwave optics to the supersolid phase in a Raman coupled Bose-Einstein condensate introduces a new tool for probing low energy Goldstone modes and phase coherence properties. (Català) El control exquisit disponible en els experiments de gasos quàntics ultrafreds els converteix en un candidat ideal per la simulació quàntica de temes diversos que van des de la física d’altes energies i models anàlegs de gravetat quàntica fins a sistemes de matèria condensada fortament correlacionats i estats exòtics de la matèria. En aquesta tesi s’hi descriu l’ús d’acoblament Raman per dissenyar noves interaccions quirals i una relació de dispersió amb dos mínims amb condensats de Bose-Einstein de potassi, i s’exploten per realitzar una teoria gauge topològica i un estat exòtic de la matèria conegut com supersòlid, respectivament. Una característica comuna de molts temes d’interès per la simulació quàntica és la possibilitat de descriure’ls des de la perspectiva d’una teoria gauge. L’acoblament Raman s’ha utilitzat per produir camps gauge artificials durant més d’una dècada, però normalment als camps gauge els manquen restriccions de simetria necessàries per construir una teoria gauge. Una teoria gauge ben coneguda que s’utilitza per descriure estats quàntics de Hall fraccionat és la teoria de Chern-Simons. La teoria de Chern-Simons és una teoria gauge topològica, de manera que no té dinàmica de camp gauge en absència de matèria. Aquí utilitzem acoblament òptic per dissenyar interaccions quirals en un condensat de Bose-Enstein d’àtoms de potassi i codificar la dinàmica d’una reducció unidimensional de la teoria de Chern-Simons coneguda com teoria BF quiral en la dinàmica de la matèria. Hem observat solitons quirals i un camp elèctric dependent de la densitat. Els nostres resultats experimentals representen la primera simulació quàntica amb èxit d’una teoria gauge topològica en el continu. Els supersòlids van ser predits teòricament fa més de cinquanta anys i s’han fet realitat en els condensats de Bose-Einstein en els últims anys. En una segona sèrie d’experiments, hem aprofitat les propietats d’interacció úniques del potassi per crear un supersòlid en un condensat de Bose-Einstein amb acoblament Raman amb major estabilitat i contrast del que es pot aconseguir amb altres àtoms alcalins. Fent servir tècniques d’òptica d’ones de matèria hem obtingut per primera vegada imatges de les modulacions de densitat característiques d’un supersòlid en un condensat de Bose-Einstein amb acoblament Raman. Explorem un règim de paràmetres prèviament inaccessible i demostrem que el període de les franges depèn de la intensitat òptica, a diferencia d’una xarxa òptica poc profunda en la qual el període de les franges ve donat pel vector d’ona de la xarxa òptica. El nostre mètode d’enginyeria d’interaccions quirals amplia el camp de la simulació quàntica de teories gauge incloent teories gauge topològiques en el continu i suposa un pas endavant cap a la simulació de la teoria de Chern-Simons en dues dimensions. La nostra aplicació de la òptica d’ones de la matèria a la fase supersòlida en un condensat de Bose-Einstein amb acoblament Raman introdueix una nova eina per detectar els modes de Goldstone de baixa energia i les propietats de coherència de fase. (Español) El exquisito control disponible en los experimentos con gases cuánticos ultrafríos los convierte en un candidato ideal para la simulación cuántica de diversos temas que van desde la física de altas energías y modelos analógicos de gravedad cuántica hasta los sistemas de materia condensada fuertemente correlacionados y los estados exóticos de la materia. Esta tesis describe el uso del acoplamiento Raman para diseñar nuevas interacciones quirales y una relación de dispersión con dos minimos en condensados de Bose-Einstein de potasio, y los explota para realizar una teoría gauge topológica y un estado exótico de la materia conocido como supersólido, respectivamente. Una característica común de muchos temas de interés para la simulación cuántica es la posibilidad de describirlos desde la perspectiva de una teoría gauge. El acoplamiento Raman se ha utilizado para producir campos gauge artificiales durante más de una década, pero normalmente los campos gauge carecen de las restricciones de simetría necesarias para constituir una teoría gauge. Una teoría gauge bien conocida que se utiliza para describir estados cuánticos de Hall fraccionarios es la teoría de Chern-Simons. La teoría de Chern-Simons es una teoría gauge topológica, por lo que no tiene dinámica de campo gauge en ausencia de materia. Hemos utilizado acoplamiento óptico para diseñar interacciones quirales en un condensado de Bose-Einstein de átomos de potasio y codificar la dinámica de una reducción unidimensional de la teoría de Chern-Simons conocida como teoría BF quiral en la dinámica de la materia. Hemos observado solitones quirales y un campo eléctrico dependiente de la densidad. Nuestros resultados experimentales representan la primera simulación cuántica con éxito de una teoría de gauge topológica en el continuo. Los supersólidos se predijeron teóricamente hace más de cincuenta años y se han hecho realidad en condensados de Bose-Einstein en los últimos años. En una segunda serie de experimentos, hemos aprovechado las propiedades de interacción únicas del potasio para crear un supersólido en un condensado de Bose-Einstein acoplado por Raman con mayor estabilidad y contraste que lo que se puede conseguir con otros átomos alcalinos. Utilizando técnicas de óptica de ondas de materia, hemos podido obtener por primera vez imágenes de las modulaciones de densidad características de un supersólido en un condensado de Bose-Einstein con acoplamiento Raman. Exploramos un régimen de parámetros previamente inaccesible y demostramos que el periodo de las franjas depende de la intensidad óptica, en contraste con una red óptica poco profunda en la que el periodo de las franjas viene dado por el vector de onda de la red óptica. Nuestro método de ingeniería de interacciones quirales amplía el campo de la simulación cuántica de teorías gauge para incluir teorías gauge topológicas en el continuo y supone un paso hacia la simulación de la teoría de Chern-Simons en dos dimensiones. Nuestra aplicación de la óptica de ondas de materia a la fase supersólida en un condensado de Bose-Einstein con acoplamiento Raman introduce una nueva herramienta para sondear los modos de Goldstone de baja energía y las propiedades de coherencia de fase.
Gauge theories are ubiquitous in physics. Many intriguing phenomena in condensed matter physics owe to the action of the electromagnetic field, which is an Abelian gauge theory. The numerical treatment of many-body systems is inherently complex due to the exponentially growing size of the Hilbert space. While in one dimension an area law guarantees that numerical methods on classical computers can deal with strongly correlated systems, in higher dimensions the quantum simulation comes as the panacea for the many-body problem. The present thesis comprises the elaboration of experimentally feasible methods for the quantum simulation of dynamical Abelian gauge fields with ultra-cold gases of neutral atoms and the theoretical analysis of the related model Hamiltonians. As neutral atoms do not interact with external vector potentials like charged particles would do, the gauge fields have to be artificially engineered. The elements of a gauge theory that need to be replicated on a quantum simulator vary depending on the subject of investigation. The key ingredient at the root of many condensed matter phenomena, from the quantum Hall effect to superconductivity and chiral topological insulators, is the Berry phase. Whilst artificial static gauge fields have been widely explored, much remains to do regarding the realization of artificial dynamical gauge fields. In Chapter 3 we present a method based on the amplitude modulation of a one-dimensional optical lattice, which allows for an unprecedented degree of control over a wide range of parameters. The method also comprises the generation of a density-dependent complex phase, fundamental to the creation of anyonic pseudo-particles. The anyons are amenable of observation through interferometric measurement, realizable with the same experimental set-up. With regard to gauge theories, the Berry phase is just the visible tip of the iceberg. Below the waterline, there is more to consider in order to comprehensively reproduce a gauge theory, like the electric and magnetic fields in quantum electrodynamics. Moreover, a full account for the inherent symmetry is crucial to investigate phenomena proper of non-Abelian gauge theories in the context of high-energy physics, such as confinement. For this collection of topics, one can turn to lattice gauge theories. In Chapter 5, we consider a class of lattice gauge theories particularly suitable for quantum simulation, the Quantum Link Model. The study of the Abelian U(1) Quantum Link Model on a ladder geometry reveals a highly non-trivial phase diagram, featuring a symmetry-protected topological phase. In both Chapters, innovative solutions for the experimental realization of the model Hamiltonians are designed and proposed. To gain numerical access to the ground-state properties and the dynamics of the systems investigated we make use of state-of-the-art numerical methods based on Tensor Networks. The elements of the numerical analysis carried out throughout this thesis are presented in Chapter 6. In the last part we offer an outlook on research perspectives related to the topics discussed in the thesis.
The realization of synthetic gauge fields has attracted a lot of attention recently in relation to periodically driven systems and the Floquet theory. In ultracold atom systems in optical lattices and photonic networks, this allows one to simulate exotic phases of matter such as quantum Hall phases, anomalous quantum Hall phases, and analogs of topological insulators. In this paper, we apply the Floquet theory to engineer anisotropic Haldane models on the honeycomb lattice and two-leg ladder systems. We show that these anisotropic Haldane models still possess a topologically nontrivial band structure associated with chiral edge modes. Focusing on (interacting) boson systems in s-wave bands of the lattice, we show how to engineer through the Floquet theory, a quantum phase transition (QPT) between a uniform superfluid and a Bose-Einstein condensate analog of Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov states, where bosons condense at nonzero wave vectors. We perform a Ginzburg-Landau analysis of the QPT on the graphene lattice, and compute observables such as chiral currents and the momentum distribution. The results are supported by exact diagonalization calculations and compared with those of the isotropic situation. The validity of high-frequency expansion in the Floquet theory is also tested using time-dependent simulations for various parameters of the model. Last, we show that the anisotropic choice for the effective vector potential allows a bosonization approach in equivalent ladder (strip) geometries.
Chiral superfluidity in ultracold Fermi gases represents a fascinating frontier in condensed matter physics, offering a pristine platform for exploring exotic quantum phases with topological properties. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the theoretical underpinnings and potential experimental realizations of chiral superfluids when ultracold Fermi gases are subjected to artificial gauge fields. We begin by introducing the concept of artificial gauge fields, detailing how they can be engineered using laser-atom interactions to impart synthetic spin-orbit coupling and break time-reversal symmetry, thereby creating conditions conducive to chiral order. We then delve into the microscopic theory of chiral pairing, particularly focusing on p-wave and p+ip superfluid states, which are intrinsically chiral and support topologically protected edge modes, such as Majorana fermions. The methodology section outlines the theoretical tools employed, including mean-field BCS theory and Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations, to predict the phase diagrams and spectroscopic signatures of these exotic states. We discuss the effects of varying interaction strengths, gauge field parameters, and trapping potentials on the emergence and stability of chiral phases. The potential for experimental detection through rf spectroscopy, noise correlations, and direct imaging of vortex cores is also addressed. Our findings underscore the significant potential of ultracold atomic systems as quantum simulators for unraveling the mysteries of topological phases, with profound implications for fundamental physics and quantum information science.