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arXiv:2204.03205

A coherently excited Franson-type nonlocal correlation

Byoung Seung HAM

Published Apr 7, 2022• 0 citations
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Abstract

Entanglement is the basic building block of quantum technologies whose property is in the unique quantum feature of nonlocal realism. However, such a nonlocal quantum property is known as just a weird phenomenon that cannot be obtained by any classical means. Recently, the mysterious quantum phenomena have been coherently interpreted using entangled photon pairs, where the quantum mystery has been found in the manipulated product-basis superposition of paired photons. Here, a coherence version of the Franson-type nonlocal correlation is presented by all means of classical physics. The resulting coherence solutions of the nonlocal correlation satisfy the same joint-phase relation of local parameters as in the quantum version. For the nonlocal correlation fringe, coherent manipulations of attenuated laser light are conducted by synchronized acousto-optic modulators to generate random but phase-matched photon pairs.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2204.03205

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Entanglement is the basic building block of quantum technologies whose property is in the unique quantum feature of nonlocal realism. However, such a nonlocal quantum property is known as just a weird phenomenon that cannot be obtained by any classical means. Recently, the mysterious quantum phenomena have been coherently interpreted using entangled photon pairs, where the quantum mystery has been found in the manipulated product-basis superposition of paired photons. Here, a coherence version of the Franson-type nonlocal correlation is presented by all means of classical physics. The resulting coherence solutions of the nonlocal correlation satisfy the same joint-phase relation of local parameters as in the quantum version. For the nonlocal correlation fringe, coherent manipulations of attenuated laser light are conducted by synchronized acousto-optic modulators to generate random but phase-matched photon pairs.
Franson-type nonlocal correlation results in a second-order intensity fringe between two remotely separated parties via coincidence measurements, whereas the corresponding local measurements show a perfect incoherence feature. This nonlocal correlation fringe between paired photons is mysterious due to the local randomness in both parties. Here, the Franson nonlocal correlation fringe is analytically investigated using the wave nature of photons to understand the mysterious quantum feature. As a result, the nonlocal intensity fringe is turned out to be a measurement selection-based coherence feature, while the local randomness is from effective decoherence among broad bandwidth-distributed photon pairs. As a result, a coherence version of Franson nonlocal correlation is suggested for macroscopic quantum applications with a commercial laser. The local and nonlocal correlations of the proposed scheme show the same results as entangled photon-pair based Franson correlation. At the request of the authors, this article is being retracted effective 28 October 2022.
Quantum entanglement is known as a unique quantum feature that cannot be obtained by classical physics. Over the last several decades, however, such an understanding on quantum entanglement might have confined us in a limited world of weird quantum mechanics. Unlike a single photon, a definite phase relation between paired photons is the key to understanding quantum features. Recently, an intuitive approach to the otherwise mysterious quantum features has emerged and shined a light on coherence manipulations of product-basis superposition via selective measurements. Here, a coherence manipulation is presented to excite polarization-path correlation using Poisson-distributed coherent photons for a classically excited joint-phase relation of independent local parameters. For this, linear optics is used for the preparation of the polarization-basis randomness, and a gated heterodyne detection technique is adopted for the selective measurement of polarization bases. As a result, the nonlocal quantum feature is now coherently understood in a deterministic way.
Quantum entanglement generation is generally known to be impossible by any classical means. According to Poisson statistics, coherent photons are not considered quantum particles due to the bunching phenomenon. Recently, a coherence approach has been applied for quantum correlations such as the Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) effect, Franson-type nonlocal correlation, and delayed-choice quantum eraser to understand the mysterious quantum features. In the coherence approach, the quantum correlation has been now understood as a direct result of selective measurements between product bases of phase-coherent photons. Especially in the HOM interpretation, it has been understood that a fixed sum-phase relation between paired photons is the bedrock of quantum entanglement. Here, a coherently excited HOM model is proposed, analyzed, and discussed for the fundamental physics of two-photon correlation using linear optics-based polarization-basis control. For this, polarization-frequency correlation in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is coherently excited using synchronized acousto-optic modulators, where polarization-basis control is conducted via a selective measurement process of the heterodyne signals. Like quantum operator-based destructive interference in the HOM theory, a perfectly coherent analysis shows the same HOM effects of the paired coherent photons on a beam splitter, whereas individual output intensities are uniform.
Franson-type nonlocal quantum correlation based on the particle nature of quantum mechanics has been intensively studied for both fundamental physics and potential applications of quantum key distribution between remotely separated parties over the last several decades. Recently, a coherence theory of deterministic quantum features has been applied for Franson-type nonlocal correlation [arXiv:2102.06463] to understand its quantumness in a purely classical manner, where the resulting features are deterministic and macroscopic. Here, nearly sub-Poisson distributed coherent photon pairs obtained from an attenuated laser are used for the experimental demonstrations of the coherence Franson-type nonlocal correlation. As an essential requirement of quantum mechanics, quantum superposition is macroscopically provided using polarization basis-randomness via a half-wave plate, satisfying fairness compared with the original scheme based on phase bases. The observed coherence quantum feature of the modified Franson correlation successfully demonstrates the proposed wave nature of quantum mechanics, where the unveiled nonlocal correlation is relied on a definite phase relation between the paired coherent photons.
Quantum correlation is the keyword in quantum information technologies. Over the last several decades, quantum correlation violating local realism has been intensively studied in various areas, but still left as a mysterious quantum phenomenon. Here, a coherence approach is applied to investigate the fundamental physics of nonlocal quantum correlation for a typical model based on entangled photon pairs without violation of quantum mechanics. As a result, a complete coherence solutions are found for coherent photons via coincidence detection, resulting in a deterministic joint basis relation between space-like separated parties in an inseparable basis-product manner.
Coincidence detection is a key technique used in nonlocal quantum-correlation measurements to test Bell inequality violation between remotely separated local detectors. With individual uniform intensity of local measurements, the nonlocal correlation fringe is a mysterious quantum feature that cannot be achieved classically. Here, the coincidence detection is coherently investigated to understand the fundamental physics of the nonlocal correlation fringe via second-order quantum superposition between selected nonlocal measurement events. Because of the coherence feature of paired photons, the coincidence technique modifies the measurement events for the rule of thumb of indistinguishability between selected measurement bases of paired photons. This indistinguishability is quantum superposition between nonlocally detected events resulting from a selected time slot of coincidence, where coherence between individually measured photons is an absolute condition.