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arXiv:2112.10148 · AVS Quantum Science

The origin of Franson-type nonlocal correlation

Byoung Seung HAM

Published Apr 1, 2022• 8 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Franson-type nonlocal correlation results in a second-order intensity fringe between two remotely separated parties via coincidence measurements, whereas the corresponding local measurements show a perfect incoherence feature. This nonlocal correlation fringe between paired photons is mysterious due to the local randomness in both parties. Here, the Franson nonlocal correlation fringe is analytically investigated using the wave nature of photons to understand the mysterious quantum feature. As a result, the nonlocal intensity fringe is turned out to be a measurement selection-based coherence feature, while the local randomness is from effective decoherence among broad bandwidth-distributed photon pairs. As a result, a coherence version of Franson nonlocal correlation is suggested for macroscopic quantum applications with a commercial laser. The local and nonlocal correlations of the proposed scheme show the same results as entangled photon-pair based Franson correlation. At the request of the authors, this article is being retracted effective 28 October 2022.

DOI
10.1116/5.0083056

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Franson-type nonlocal correlation results in a second-order intensity fringe between two remotely separated parties via coincidence measurements, whereas the corresponding local measurements show a perfect incoherence feature. This nonlocal correlation fringe between paired photons is mysterious due to the local randomness in both parties. Here, the Franson nonlocal correlation fringe is analytically investigated using the wave nature of photons to understand the mysterious quantum feature. As a result, the nonlocal intensity fringe is turned out to be a measurement selection-based coherence feature, while the local randomness is from effective decoherence among broad bandwidth-distributed photon pairs. As a result, a coherence version of Franson nonlocal correlation is suggested for macroscopic quantum applications with a commercial laser. The local and nonlocal correlations of the proposed scheme show the same results as entangled photon-pair based Franson correlation. At the request of the authors, this article is being retracted effective 28 October 2022.
Coincidence detection is a key technique used in nonlocal quantum-correlation measurements to test Bell inequality violation between remotely separated local detectors. With individual uniform intensity of local measurements, the nonlocal correlation fringe is a mysterious quantum feature that cannot be achieved classically. Here, the coincidence detection is coherently investigated to understand the fundamental physics of the nonlocal correlation fringe via second-order quantum superposition between selected nonlocal measurement events. Because of the coherence feature of paired photons, the coincidence technique modifies the measurement events for the rule of thumb of indistinguishability between selected measurement bases of paired photons. This indistinguishability is quantum superposition between nonlocally detected events resulting from a selected time slot of coincidence, where coherence between individually measured photons is an absolute condition.
Franson-type nonlocal quantum correlation based on the particle nature of quantum mechanics has been intensively studied for both fundamental physics and potential applications of quantum key distribution between remotely separated parties over the last several decades. Recently, a coherence theory of deterministic quantum features has been applied for Franson-type nonlocal correlation [arXiv:2102.06463] to understand its quantumness in a purely classical manner, where the resulting features are deterministic and macroscopic. Here, nearly sub-Poisson distributed coherent photon pairs obtained from an attenuated laser are used for the experimental demonstrations of the coherence Franson-type nonlocal correlation. As an essential requirement of quantum mechanics, quantum superposition is macroscopically provided using polarization basis-randomness via a half-wave plate, satisfying fairness compared with the original scheme based on phase bases. The observed coherence quantum feature of the modified Franson correlation successfully demonstrates the proposed wave nature of quantum mechanics, where the unveiled nonlocal correlation is relied on a definite phase relation between the paired coherent photons.
Entanglement is the basic building block of quantum technologies whose property is in the unique quantum feature of nonlocal realism. However, such a nonlocal quantum property is known as just a weird phenomenon that cannot be obtained by any classical means. Recently, the mysterious quantum phenomena have been coherently interpreted using entangled photon pairs, where the quantum mystery has been found in the manipulated product-basis superposition of paired photons. Here, a coherence version of the Franson-type nonlocal correlation is presented by all means of classical physics. The resulting coherence solutions of the nonlocal correlation satisfy the same joint-phase relation of local parameters as in the quantum version. For the nonlocal correlation fringe, coherent manipulations of attenuated laser light are conducted by synchronized acousto-optic modulators to generate random but phase-matched photon pairs.
Nonlocal correlation is the key concept in quantum information processing, where quantum entanglement provides such a nonclassical property. Since the first proposal of noninterfering interferometer-based two-photon intensity correlation by Franson (Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 2205 (1989)), the particle nature of photons has been intensively studied for nonlocal correlation using Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs). Here, the role of MZIs is investigated with respect to the origin of nonlocal correlation in Franson-type experiments, where the wave nature of photons plays a critical role. Under the coincidence-provided quantum superposition between independent MZIs, we prove that nonlocal correlation can be created from non-entangled photons through the MZIs.
Franson-type nonlocal correlation is related to Bell inequality violation tests and has been applied for quantum key distributions based on time bin methods. Using unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometers, Franson correlation measurements result in an interference fringe, while local measurements do not. Here, randomness-based macroscopic Franson-type correlation is presented using polarization-based two-mode coherent photons, where the quantum correlation is tested by a Hong-Ou-Mandel scheme. Coherent photons are used to investigate the wave properties of this correlation. Without contradicting the wave-particle duality of quantum mechanics, the proposed method provides fundamental understanding of the quantum nature and opens the door to deterministic quantum information science.
Polarization-entangled photon pairs generated from second-order nonlinear optical media have been extensively studied for both fundamental research and potential applications of quantum information. In a spontaneous parametric down-conversion process, quantum entanglement between paired photons, often regarded as 'mysterious,' has been demonstrated for local randomness and nonlocal correlation through polarization-basis projections using linear optics (Phys. Rev. A 60, R773 (1999)). Unlike the conventional particle nature-based perspective, this paper presents a coherence analysis rooted in the wave nature of quantum mechanics to examine these well-established quantum phenomena, incorporating polarization control of the paired photons and their projection measurements. First, we analyze the quantum superposition of photon pairs generated randomly from cross-sandwiched nonlinear media, focusing on local randomness, which depends on the incoherence among measured events. Second, we investigate coincidence detection between paired photons to understand the nonlocal correlation arising from independently controlled remote parameters, resulting in an inseparable product-basis relationship. This coherence-based approach sheds light on a deterministic perspective on quantum features, emphasizing the significance of phase information intrinsic to the wave nature of photons, which is incompatible with the particle nature.