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arXiv:2107.00302

Experimental demonstrations for randomness-based macroscopic Franson-type nonlocal correlation using coherently coupled photons

S. Kim, Byoung Seung HAM

Published Jul 1, 2021• 0 citations
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Abstract

Franson-type nonlocal quantum correlation based on the particle nature of quantum mechanics has been intensively studied for both fundamental physics and potential applications of quantum key distribution between remotely separated parties over the last several decades. Recently, a coherence theory of deterministic quantum features has been applied for Franson-type nonlocal correlation [arXiv:2102.06463] to understand its quantumness in a purely classical manner, where the resulting features are deterministic and macroscopic. Here, nearly sub-Poisson distributed coherent photon pairs obtained from an attenuated laser are used for the experimental demonstrations of the coherence Franson-type nonlocal correlation. As an essential requirement of quantum mechanics, quantum superposition is macroscopically provided using polarization basis-randomness via a half-wave plate, satisfying fairness compared with the original scheme based on phase bases. The observed coherence quantum feature of the modified Franson correlation successfully demonstrates the proposed wave nature of quantum mechanics, where the unveiled nonlocal correlation is relied on a definite phase relation between the paired coherent photons.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2107.00302

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Franson-type nonlocal quantum correlation based on the particle nature of quantum mechanics has been intensively studied for both fundamental physics and potential applications of quantum key distribution between remotely separated parties over the last several decades. Recently, a coherence theory of deterministic quantum features has been applied for Franson-type nonlocal correlation [arXiv:2102.06463] to understand its quantumness in a purely classical manner, where the resulting features are deterministic and macroscopic. Here, nearly sub-Poisson distributed coherent photon pairs obtained from an attenuated laser are used for the experimental demonstrations of the coherence Franson-type nonlocal correlation. As an essential requirement of quantum mechanics, quantum superposition is macroscopically provided using polarization basis-randomness via a half-wave plate, satisfying fairness compared with the original scheme based on phase bases. The observed coherence quantum feature of the modified Franson correlation successfully demonstrates the proposed wave nature of quantum mechanics, where the unveiled nonlocal correlation is relied on a definite phase relation between the paired coherent photons.
Franson-type nonlocal correlation results in a second-order intensity fringe between two remotely separated parties via coincidence measurements, whereas the corresponding local measurements show a perfect incoherence feature. This nonlocal correlation fringe between paired photons is mysterious due to the local randomness in both parties. Here, the Franson nonlocal correlation fringe is analytically investigated using the wave nature of photons to understand the mysterious quantum feature. As a result, the nonlocal intensity fringe is turned out to be a measurement selection-based coherence feature, while the local randomness is from effective decoherence among broad bandwidth-distributed photon pairs. As a result, a coherence version of Franson nonlocal correlation is suggested for macroscopic quantum applications with a commercial laser. The local and nonlocal correlations of the proposed scheme show the same results as entangled photon-pair based Franson correlation. At the request of the authors, this article is being retracted effective 28 October 2022.
Franson-type nonlocal correlation is related to Bell inequality violation tests and has been applied for quantum key distributions based on time bin methods. Using unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometers, Franson correlation measurements result in an interference fringe, while local measurements do not. Here, randomness-based macroscopic Franson-type correlation is presented using polarization-based two-mode coherent photons, where the quantum correlation is tested by a Hong-Ou-Mandel scheme. Coherent photons are used to investigate the wave properties of this correlation. Without contradicting the wave-particle duality of quantum mechanics, the proposed method provides fundamental understanding of the quantum nature and opens the door to deterministic quantum information science.
Entanglement is the basic building block of quantum technologies whose property is in the unique quantum feature of nonlocal realism. However, such a nonlocal quantum property is known as just a weird phenomenon that cannot be obtained by any classical means. Recently, the mysterious quantum phenomena have been coherently interpreted using entangled photon pairs, where the quantum mystery has been found in the manipulated product-basis superposition of paired photons. Here, a coherence version of the Franson-type nonlocal correlation is presented by all means of classical physics. The resulting coherence solutions of the nonlocal correlation satisfy the same joint-phase relation of local parameters as in the quantum version. For the nonlocal correlation fringe, coherent manipulations of attenuated laser light are conducted by synchronized acousto-optic modulators to generate random but phase-matched photon pairs.
Quantum entanglement is known as a unique quantum feature that cannot be obtained by classical physics. Over the last several decades, however, such an understanding on quantum entanglement might have confined us in a limited world of weird quantum mechanics. Unlike a single photon, a definite phase relation between paired photons is the key to understanding quantum features. Recently, an intuitive approach to the otherwise mysterious quantum features has emerged and shined a light on coherence manipulations of product-basis superposition via selective measurements. Here, a coherence manipulation is presented to excite polarization-path correlation using Poisson-distributed coherent photons for a classically excited joint-phase relation of independent local parameters. For this, linear optics is used for the preparation of the polarization-basis randomness, and a gated heterodyne detection technique is adopted for the selective measurement of polarization bases. As a result, the nonlocal quantum feature is now coherently understood in a deterministic way.
Quantum technologies based on the particle nature of a photon has been progressed over the last several decades, where the fundamental quantum features of entanglement have been tested by Hong-Ou-Mandel-type anticorrelation and Bell-type nonlocal correlation. Recently, mutually exclusive quantum features based on the wave nature of a photon have been investigated to understand the fundamental physics of mysterious quantum correlation, resulting in deterministic and macroscopic quantum technologies. Here, we study the quantum natures of paired photons acting on a beam splitter, where mutual coherence plays a major role. Unlike current common understanding on anticorrelation, bipartite entanglement between paired photons does not have to be probabilistic or post-selected, but can be deterministic and even macroscopic via phase basis manipulation without violating quantum mechanics.
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