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arXiv:2203.12073 · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences

Experimental demonstration of robustness under scaling errors for superadiabatic population transfer in a superconducting circuit

Shruti Dogra, Antti P. Vepsäläinen, Gheorghe Sorin Paraoanu

Published Nov 6, 2022• 8 citations
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Abstract

We study experimentally and theoretically the transfer of population between the ground state and the second excited state in a transmon circuit by the use of superadiabatic stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (saSTIRAP). We show that the transfer is remarkably resilient against variations in the amplitudes of the pulses (scaling errors), thus demostrating that the superadiabatic process inherits certain robustness features from the adiabatic one. In particular, we provide new evidence of a plateau that appears at high values of the counterdiabatic pulse strength, which goes beyond the usual framework of saSTIRAP. This article is part of the theme issue 'Shortcuts to adiabaticity: theoretical, experimental and interdisciplinary perspectives'.

DOI
10.1098/rsta.2021.0274

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•Jan 1, 2018•0 citations
We study experimentally and theoretically the transfer of population between the ground state and the second excited state in a transmon circuit by the use of superadiabatic stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (saSTIRAP). We show that the transfer is remarkably resilient against variations in the amplitudes of the pulses (scaling errors), thus demostrating that the superadiabatic process inherits certain robustness features from the adiabatic one. In particular, we provide new evidence of a plateau that appears at high values of the counterdiabatic pulse strength, which goes beyond the usual framework of saSTIRAP. This article is part of the theme issue 'Shortcuts to adiabaticity: theoretical, experimental and interdisciplinary perspectives'.
Adiabatic manipulation of the quantum state is an essential tool in modern quantum information processing. Here, we demonstrate the speedup of the adiabatic population transfer in a three-level superconducting transmon circuit by suppressing the spurious nonadiabatic excitations with an additional two-photon microwave pulse. We apply this superadiabatic method to the stimulated Raman adiabatic passage, realizing fast and robust population transfer from the ground state to the second excited state of the quantum circuit.
Abstract In many quantum technologies adiabatic processes are used for coherent quantum state operations, offering inherent robustness to errors in the control parameters. The main limitation is the long operation time resulting from the requirement of adiabaticity. The superadiabatic method allows for faster operation, by applying counterdiabatic driving that corrects for excitations resulting from the violation of the adiabatic condition. In this article we show how to construct the counterdiabatic Hamiltonian in a system with forbidden transitions by using two-photon processes and how to correct for the resulting time-dependent ac-Stark shifts in order to enable population transfer with unit fidelity. We further demonstrate that superadiabatic stimulated Raman passage can realize a robust unitary NOT-gate between the ground state and the second excited state of a three-level system. The results can be readily applied to a three-level transmon with the ladder energy level structure.
The stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) allows selective, coherent population transfer in a three-level quantum system by the adiabatic control of two suitably chosen envelopes and delayed laser pulses. However, the long operation time involved with the adiabatic protocols makes them more susceptible to decay and decoherence. A shortcut-to-adiabaticity technique, namely, counterdiabatic driving (CD), suppresses the decoherence-induced loss by speeding up the STIRAP process, thereby enhancing the efficiency and fidelity of population transfer. The superadiabatic STIRAP (saSTIRAP) method requires the application of a shortcut drive or CD pulse, which couples the coherently trapped states in a three-level quantum system. Hence, the closed-loop $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ system consisting of all electric dipole-allowed transitions is an essential requirement for saSTIRAP, which is rarely admissible in a natural atom. This paper theoretically investigates an experimentally feasible model for implementing saSTIRAP using a closed-loop $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ system with doubly dressed polariton states in a driven circuit QED system. We show a population transfer with efficiencies close to 80.7580.75%80.75 and 98.1098.10%98.10 with fidelities of 89.8689.86%89.86 and 99.0499.04%99.04 for the resonant STIRAP and saSTIRAP protocols, respectively, with experimentally feasible parameters. The efficiency of the population transfer can be further increased by improving the coherence times of the cavity and the transmon qubit. This work may be useful in designing fast, efficient quantum gates for applications in quantum technologies.
Stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) and its superadiabatic variant (sa-STIRAP) are pivotal techniques for high-fidelity quantum state transfer. However, STIRAP is inherently slow, while sa-STIRAP often requires additional, experimentally challenging couplings. Recent progress has shown that implementing these protocols in the dressed-state space can overcome these limitations by modulating the amplitude and phase of native driving fields, thereby enabling efficient population transfer without extra couplings. Nevertheless, the robustness of these dressed-state protocols against decoherence remains unclear. In this work, we investigate the decoherence resilience of both STIRAP and sa-STIRAP within the dressed-state framework. Through numerical simulations, we demonstrate that they exhibit significantly enhanced robustness to environmental noise compared to their standard three-level counterparts. Our results highlight the potential of dressed-state-based protocols for achieving robust, high-fidelity quantum state transfer in noisy environments.
Accurate control of a quantum system is a fundamental requirement in many areas of modern science ranging from quantum information processing to high-precision measurements. A significantly important goal in quantum control is to prepare a desired state as fast as possible with sufficiently high fidelity allowed by available resources and experimental constraints. Stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) is a robust way to realize high-fidelity state transfer but it requires a sufficiently long operation time to satisfy the adiabatic criteria. We here theoretically propose and then experimentally demonstrate a shortcut-to-adiabatic protocol to speed up the STIRAP. By modifying the shapes of the Raman pulses, we experimentally realize a fast and high-fidelity stimulated Raman shortcut-to-adiabatic passage that is robust against control parameter variations. The all-optical, robust, and fast protocol demonstrated here provides an efficient and practical way to control quantum systems.
In circuit quantum electrodynamics the coherence of Cooper pairs in superconductors is employed to create macroscopic electric circuits with quantized energy levels. Such circuits can be coupled with each other and exploited as building blocks of a quantum computer. Accurate and robust control of the quantum state in the circuits is a central condition for the operation of the quantum computer and one of the prerequisites for the implementation of complex algorithms used in quantum information processing, such as quantum error correction. In this thesis adiabatic control in circuit quantum electrodynamics is investigated with the focus on manipulating three-level systems. \n \nIn adiabatic control the eigenstates of the system are slowly modified by changing the external control parameters, which govern the evolution of the system. If the changes in the parameters are slow enough, the state of the system follows the eigenstates in the adiabatic basis, thereby realizing the intended operation. The advantage of adiabatic control is its inherent robustness to small errors or noise in the control parameters; the result of the state manipulation only depends on the asymptotic values of the control parameters, but not on their exact values during the process. \n \nShortcuts to adiabaticity can be used to speed up the otherwise slow adiabatic control by introducing a correction pulse that compensates the diabatic losses during the state manipulation. This allows one to overcome the limitation on the speed of the protocol but simultaneously reduces the method's robustness to the variations in the control parameters. If the level of noise in the control parameters is known, using the shortcut it is possible to find the optimal level of robustness which is required to mitigate the noise. \n \nCircuit quantum electrodynamics offers a perfect experimental platform for investigating quantum control due to the possibility of realizing complicated control schemes using microwave electronics. With commercially available digital-to-analog converters the control signals can be digitally created, which enables accurate and coherent control of the quantum circuit. \n \nIn this thesis both theoretical and experimental results on adiabatic control applied to superconducting transmon circuits are presented. It is shown that stimulated Raman adiabatic passage can be used for population transfer in a three-level transmon, which can be further improved using shortcuts to adiabaticity. Furthermore, a scheme for implementing robust superadiabatic rotation gates in transmon is proposed. Finally, it is demonstrated that superconducting qubit can be used as an ultra-sensitive detector of magnetic flux.