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arXiv:2202.05369 · Physical Review A

Raman imaging of atoms inside a high-bandwidth cavity

Eduardo Uruñuela, Maximilian Ammenwerth, Pooja Malik, Lukas Ahlheit, Hannes Pfeifer, Wolfgang Alt, Dieter Meschede

Published Apr 29, 2022• 6 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

High-bandwidth, fiber-based optical cavities are a promising building block for future quantum networks. They are used to resonantly couple stationary qubits such as single or multiple atoms with photons routing quantum information into a fiber network at high rates. In high-bandwidth cavities, standard fluorescence imaging on the atom-cavity resonance line for controlling atom positions is impaired since the Purcell effect strongly suppresses all-directional fluorescence. Here, we restore imaging of $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms strongly coupled to such a fiber Fabry-P\'erot cavity by detecting the repumper fluorescence which is generated by continuous and three-dimensional Raman sideband cooling. We have carried out a detailed spectroscopic investigation of the repumper-induced differential light shifts affecting the Raman resonance, dependent on intensity and detuning. Our analysis identifies a compromise regime between imaging signal-to-noise ratio and survival rate, where physical insight into the role of dipole-force fluctuations in the heating dynamics of trapped atoms is gained.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.105.043321

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High-bandwidth, fiber-based optical cavities are a promising building block for future quantum networks. They are used to resonantly couple stationary qubits such as single or multiple atoms with photons routing quantum information into a fiber network at high rates. In high-bandwidth cavities, standard fluorescence imaging on the atom-cavity resonance line for controlling atom positions is impaired since the Purcell effect strongly suppresses all-directional fluorescence. Here, we restore imaging of 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb atoms strongly coupled to such a fiber Fabry-P'erot cavity by detecting the repumper fluorescence which is generated by continuous and three-dimensional Raman sideband cooling. We have carried out a detailed spectroscopic investigation of the repumper-induced differential light shifts affecting the Raman resonance, dependent on intensity and detuning. Our analysis identifies a compromise regime between imaging signal-to-noise ratio and survival rate, where physical insight into the role of dipole-force fluctuations in the heating dynamics of trapped atoms is gained.
We report on vibrational ground-state cooling of a single neutral atom coupled to a high-bandwidth Fabry-P\'erot cavity. The cooling process relies on degenerate Raman sideband transitions driven by dipole trap beams, which confine the atoms in three dimensions. We infer a one-dimensional motional ground-state population close to 9090%90 by means of Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, lifetime measurements of a cavity-coupled atom exceeding 40 s imply three-dimensional cooling of the atomic motion, which makes this resource-efficient technique particularly interesting for cavity experiments with limited optical access.
We observe a sixfold Purcell broadening of the D_{2} line of an optically trapped ^{87}Rb atom strongly coupled to a fiber cavity. Under external illumination by a near-resonant laser, up to 90% of the atom's fluorescence is emitted into the resonant cavity mode. The sub-Poissonian statistics of the cavity output and the Purcell enhancement of the atomic decay rate are confirmed by the observation of a strongly narrowed antibunching dip in the photon autocorrelation function. The photon leakage through the higher-transmission mirror of the single-sided resonator is the dominant contribution to the field decay (κ≈2π×50 MHz), thus offering a high-bandwidth, fiber-coupled channel for photonic interfaces such as quantum memories and single-photon sources.
A single neutral atom is trapped in a three-dimensional optical lattice at the center of a high-finesse optical resonator. Using fluorescence imaging and a shiftable standing-wave trap, the atom is deterministically loaded into the maximum of the intracavity field where the atom-cavity coupling is strong. After 5 ms of Raman sideband cooling, the three-dimensional motional ground state is populated with a probability of (89±2)%. Our system is the first to simultaneously achieve quantum control over all degrees of freedom of a single atom: its position and momentum, its internal state, and its coupling to light.
In recent years, remarkable advances in the science of laser cooling and trapping of atomic samples have lead to breakthroughs in quantum optics and, in particular, in cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED). The ability to optically trap an atom within the mode of a ultra-high finesse cavity of small mode volume for experimentally significant periods of time now allows for the continuous observation of fundamental quantum optical effects. This dissertation will focus on experiments conducted to fully characterize and exert quantum control over a strongly-coupled atom-cavity system consisting of single cesium atoms isolated by a dipole trapping in the mode of a Fabry-Perot optical resonator. In particular, we describe techniques developed and implemented for exerting coherent control over the internal and quantum motional state of these atoms using stimulated Raman processes. We also focus on the applications of this system to quantum networking and quantum information science, particularly within the context of coherently transferring quantum states from atom to quantum optical fields and back. Finally, we describe a series of measurements carried out to explore the characteristic dynamics of the Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian which governs the system. This includes spectroscopic measurement of the signature vacuum Rabi splitting for strongly-coupled cavity QED as well as evidence in the time domain for coherent Rabi nutation of excitation between atom and field on resonance.
Summary form only given. We observe the quantized motion of single atoms strongly coupled to a high-finesse optical cavity and investigate dynamics of cavity-assisted atom cooling. Single caesium atoms are trapped in a blue-detuned standing-wave intracavity dipole trap, formed by a lock laser which is used to stabilize the cavity resonance frequency. A probe laser is coupled into the cavity mode and its transmission spectrum is monitored by means of photon-counting heterodyne spectroscopy [2].Measured heterodyne spectra of single atoms in the cavity are shown in Fig. 1 for two different lock-laser intensities and compared with theoretical models. The motional Raman sidebands are offset from the carrier beat signal at 1 MHz by the atomic vibrational frequency (±ν). They show asymmetric lineshapes due to the anharmonicity of the dipole potential.We investigate the dependence of the positions and lineshapes of the motional Raman sidebands on experimantal parameters such as the cavity-atom detuning, and lock-laser intensity. Information on the atomic temperature, cooling and heating rates, as well as the atomic position in the cavity with respect to an antinode of the cavity probe field are found by comparing the observed spectra with theoretical predictions [1]. In addition, this technique can also be used to analyze the cooling dynamics of a cavity-assisted EIT cooling scheme which has been recently studied and demonstrated in [3,4].
Optical dipole traps can provide strong, state-independent confinement of atoms. Unfortunately, the spatially dependent light shifts of optical transitions in dipole traps can interfere with conventional laser cooling techniques. These limitations may be overcome by cooling trapped atoms with stimulated Raman transitions. In particular, the lights shifts of ground state sublevels can be equal, so that the Raman cooling transition is unperturbed. Cooling in the sideband limit, to the quantum ground state of motion, should be possible. We have confined {sup 85}Rb atoms in a far-detuned optical dipole trap, and indirectly measured extremely low heating rates of the trapped atoms. We have also driven velocity-sensitive stimulated Raman transitions of the trapped atoms. The high resolution of these stimulated Raman resonances should allow us to resolve the motional sidebands and to directly cool the trapped atoms.