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arXiv:2202.02184 · IEEE Transactions on Information Theory

Singleton Bounds for Entanglement-Assisted Classical and Quantum Error Correcting Codes

Manideep Mamindlapally, Andreas Winter

Published May 18, 2023• 4 citations
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Abstract

We show that entirely quantum Shannon theoretic methods, based on von Neumann entropies and their properties, can be used to derive Singleton bounds on the performance of entanglement-assisted hybrid classical-quantum (EACQ) error correcting codes. Concretely, we show that the triple-rate region of qubits, cbits and ebits of possible EACQ codes over arbitrary alphabet sizes is contained in the quantum Shannon theoretic rate region of an associated memoryless erasure channel, which turns out to be a polytope. We show that a large part of this region is attainable by certain EACQ codes, whenever the local alphabet size (i.e., Hilbert space dimension) is large enough, in keeping with known facts about classical and quantum maximum distance separable (MDS) codes: in particular, all of its extreme points and all but one of its extremal lines. The attainability of the remaining one extremal line segment is left as an open question.

DOI
10.1109/tit.2023.3277808

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We show that entirely quantum Shannon theoretic methods, based on von Neumann entropies and their properties, can be used to derive Singleton bounds on the performance of entanglement-assisted hybrid classical-quantum (EACQ) error correcting codes. Concretely, we show that the triple-rate region of qubits, cbits and ebits of possible EACQ codes over arbitrary alphabet sizes is contained in the quantum Shannon theoretic rate region of an associated memoryless erasure channel, which turns out to be a polytope. We show that a large part of this region is attainable by certain EACQ codes, whenever the local alphabet size (i.e., Hilbert space dimension) is large enough, in keeping with known facts about classical and quantum maximum distance separable (MDS) codes: in particular, all of its extreme points and all but one of its extremal lines. The attainability of the remaining one extremal line segment is left as an open question.
We show that entirely information theoretic methods, based on von Neumann entropies and their properties, can be used to derive Singleton bounds on the performance of entanglement-assisted hybrid classical-quantum (EACQ) error correcting codes. Concretely we show that the triple-rate region of qubits, cbits and ebits of possible EACQ codes over arbitrary alphabet sizes is contained in the quantum Shannon theoretic rate region of an associated memoryless erasure channel, which turns out to be a polytope. We show that a large part of this region is attainable by certain EACQ codes, whenever the local alphabet size (i.e. Hilbert space dimension) is large enough, in keeping with known facts about classical and quantum minimum distance separable (MDS) codes: in particular all of its extreme points and several important extremal lines. Full details in [1].
We show that a relatively simple reasoning using von Neumann entropy inequalities yields a robust proof of the quantum Singleton bound for quantum error-correcting codes (QECC). For entanglement-assisted quantum error-correcting codes (EAQECC) and catalytic codes (CQECC), a type of generalized quantum Singleton bound [Brunet al., IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 60(6):3073–3089 (2014)] was believed to hold for many years until recently one of us found a counterexample [MG, Phys. Rev. A 103, 020601 (2021)]. Here, we rectify this state of affairs by proving the correct generalized quantum Singleton bound, extending the above-mentioned proof method for QECC; we also prove information-theoretically tight bounds on the entanglement-communication tradeoff for EAQECC. All of the bounds relate block lengthnnnand code lengthkkkfor given minimum distancedddand we show that they are robust, in the sense that they hold with small perturbations for codes which only correct most of the erasure errors of less thandddletters. In contrast to the classical case, the bounds take on qualitatively different forms depending on whether the minimum distance is smaller or larger than half the block length. We also provide a propagation rule: any pure QECC yields an EAQECC with the same distance and dimension, but of shorter block length.
We introduce a construction for entanglement-assisted quantum error-correcting codes (EAQECCs) that saturates the classical Singleton bound with less shared entanglement than any known method for code rates below $ \frac{k}{n} = \frac{1}{3} $. For higher rates, our EAQECC also meets the Singleton bound, although with increased entanglement requirements. Additionally, we demonstrate that any classical [n,k,d]q[n,k,d]_q[n,k,d]q​ code can be transformed into an EAQECC with parameters [[n,k,d;2k]]q[[n,k,d;2k]]_q[[n,k,d;2k]]q​ using 2k2k2k pre-shared maximally entangled pairs. The complexity of our encoding protocol for kkk-qudits with qqq levels is O(klog⁡qq−1(k))\mathcal{O}(k \log_{\frac{q}{q-1}}(k))O(klogq−1q​​(k)), excluding the complexity of encoding and decoding the classical MDS code. While this complexity remains linear in kkk for systems of reasonable size, it increases significantly for larger-levelled systems, highlighting the need for further research into complexity reduction.
Quantum error correction is fundamentally important for quantum information processing and computation. Quantum error correction codes have been studied and constructed since the pioneering papers of Shor and Steane. Optimal (called MDS) qqq-qubit quantum codes attaining the quantum Singleton bound were constructed for very restricted lengths n≤q2+1n \leq q^2+1n≤q2+1. Entanglement-assisted quantum error correction (EAQEC) code was proposed to use the pre-shared maximally entangled state for the enhancing of error correction capability. Recently there have been a lot of constructions of MDS EAQEC codes attaining the quantum Singleton bound for very restricted lengths. In this paper we construct such MDS EAQEC [[n,k,d,c]]q[[n, k, d, c]]_q[[n,k,d,c]]q​ codes for arbitrary nnn satisfying n≤q2+1n \leq q^2+1n≤q2+1 and arbitrary distance d≤n+22d\leq \frac{n+2}{2}d≤2n+2​. It is proved that for any given length nnn satisfying O(q2)=n≤q2+1O(q^2)=n \leq q^2+1O(q2)=n≤q2+1 and any given distance ddd satisfying $ O(q^2)=d \leq \frac{n+2}{2}$, there exist at least O(q2)O(q^2)O(q2) MDS EAQEC [[n,k,d,c]]q[[n, k, d, c]]_q[[n,k,d,c]]q​ codes with different ccc parameters. Our results show that there are much more MDS entanglement-assisted quantum codes than MDS quantum codes without consumption of the maximally entangled state. This is natural from the physical point of view. Our method can also be applied to construct MDS entanglement-assisted quantum codes from the generalized MDS twisted Reed-Solomon codes.
We give an infinite family of degenerate entanglement-assisted quantum error-correcting codes (EAQECCs) which violate the EA-quantum Hamming bound for non-degenerate EAQECCs and achieve the EA-quantum Singleton bound, thereby proving that the EA-quantum Hamming bound does not asymptotically hold for degenerate EAQECCs. Unlike the previously known quantum error-correcting codes that violate the quantum Hamming bound by exploiting maximally entangled pairs of qubits, our codes do not require local unitary operations on the entangled auxiliary qubits during encoding. The degenerate EAQECCs we present are constructed from classical error-correcting codes with poor minimum distances, which implies that, unlike the majority of known EAQECCs with large minimum distances, our EAQECCs take more advantage of degeneracy and rely less on the error correction capabilities of classical codes.
Entanglement-assisted concatenated quantum codes (EACQCs) are constructed by concatenating two entanglement-assisted quantum error-correcting codes (EAQECCs). By selecting the inner and outer component codes carefully, it is able to construct state-of-the-art EACQCs with parameters better than previous quantum codes. In this work, we use almost maximum-distance-separable (MDS) codes and ℏ\hbarℏ-MDS codes as the outer codes to construct EACQCs. Because the range of code length of almost MDS and ℏ\hbarℏ-MDS codes is much more free than that of the commonly used MDS codes. We derive several families of new EACQCs with parameters better than the previously best known EAQECCs and standard quantum error-correcting codes (QECCs) of the same length and net transmissions. Moreover, we demonstrate that EACQCs are with maximal entanglement if both the inner and outer component codes are with maximal entanglement. As a result, we construct three new maximal-entanglement EACQCs which have optimal parameters. In addition, we present several new maximal-entanglement EACQCs whose minimum distance is only one less than the minimum distance of the optimal codes. In particular, we propose two new families of asymptotically good maximal-entanglement EACQCs with explicit constructions by using entanglement-assisted quantum algebraic geometry codes as the outer codes. At last, we prove that EACQCs can attain the quantum Gilbert-Varshamov bound for EAQECCs asymptotically.