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arXiv:2112.11094 · SciPost Physics

Universal Properties of Anisotropic Dipolar Bosons in Two Dimensions

Juan Sánchez-Baena, Luis A. Peña Ardila, G. E. Astrakharchik, Ferran Mazzanti

Published Aug 25, 2022• 2 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The energy of ultra-dilute quantum many-body systems is known to exhibit a universal dependence on the gas parameter x=n a_0^d x = n a 0 d , with n n the density, d d the dimensionality of the space ( d=1,2,3 d = 1 , 2 , 3 ) and a_0 a 0 the s s -wave scattering length. The universal regime typically extends up to x\approx 0.001 x ≈ 0.001 , while at larger values specific details of the interaction start to be relevant and different model potentials lead to different results. Dipolar systems are peculiar in this regard since the anisotropy of the interaction makes a_0 a 0 depend on the polarization angle \alpha α , so different combinations of n and \alpha α can lead to the same value of the gas parameter x. In this work we analyze the scaling properties of dipolar bosons in two dimensions as a function of the density and polarization dependent scattering length up to very large gas parameter values. Using Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) methods we study the energy and the main structural and coherence properties of the ground state of a gas of dipolar bosons by varying the density and scattering length for a fixed gas parameter. We find that the dipolar interaction shows relevant scaling laws up to unusually large values of x x that hold almost to the boundaries in the phase diagram where a transition to a stripe phase takes place.

DOI
10.21468/scipostphys.13.2.031

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The energy of ultra-dilute quantum many-body systems is known to exhibit a universal dependence on the gas parameter x=n a_0^d x = n a 0 d , with n n the density, d d the dimensionality of the space ( d=1,2,3 d = 1 , 2 , 3 ) and a_0 a 0 the s s -wave scattering length. The universal regime typically extends up to x\approx 0.001 x ≈ 0.001 , while at larger values specific details of the interaction start to be relevant and different model potentials lead to different results. Dipolar systems are peculiar in this regard since the anisotropy of the interaction makes a_0 a 0 depend on the polarization angle \alpha α , so different combinations of n and \alpha α can lead to the same value of the gas parameter x. In this work we analyze the scaling properties of dipolar bosons in two dimensions as a function of the density and polarization dependent scattering length up to very large gas parameter values. Using Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) methods we study the energy and the main structural and coherence properties of the ground state of a gas of dipolar bosons by varying the density and scattering length for a fixed gas parameter. We find that the dipolar interaction shows relevant scaling laws up to unusually large values of x x that hold almost to the boundaries in the phase diagram where a transition to a stripe phase takes place.
A microscopic description of the zero-energy two-body ground state and many-body static properties of anisotropic homogeneous gases of bosonic dipoles in two dimensions at low densities is presented and discussed. By changing the polarization angle with respect to the plane, we study the impact of the anisotropy, present in the dipole-dipole interaction, on the energy per particle, comparing the results with mean-field predictions. We restrict the analysis to the regime where the interaction is always repulsive, although the strength of the repulsion depends on the orientation with respect to the polarization field. We present a series expansion of the solution of the zero-energy two-body problem, which allows us to find the scattering length of the interaction and to build a suitable Jastrow factor that we use as a trial wave function for both a variational and diffusion Monte Carlo simulation of the infinite system. We find that the anisotropy has an almost negligible impact on the ground-state properties of the many-body system in the universal regime where the scattering length governs the physics of the system. We also show that scaling in the gas parameter persists in the dipolar case up to values where other isotropic interactions with the same scattering length yield different predictions.
We study the quasiparticle properties of a dipolar impurity immersed in a two-dimensional dipolar bath. We use the ab initio diffusion Monte Carlo technique to determine the polaron energy, effective mass, and quasiparticle residue. We find that both the polaron energy and quasiparticle residue follow a universal behavior with respect to the polarization angle when properly scaled in terms of the scattering length. This trend is maintained over a wide range of values of the gas parameter, even in the highly correlated regime. Instead, the effective mass shows growing anisotropy as the tilting angle is increased, which is induced, mainly, by the anisotropy of the impurity-boson dipole-dipole interaction. Surprisingly, the effective mass is larger in the direction of minimum interparticle repulsion. Finally, we use our Monte Carlo results to check the accuracy of perturbative approaches and determine their range of validity in terms of the gas parameter.
We analyze the ground state of a system of dipolar bosons moving in the XYXYXY plane and such that their dipolar moments are all aligned in a fixed direction in space. We focus on the general case where the polarization field forms a generic angle $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ with respect to the ZZZ axis. We use the path-integral ground-state method to analyze the static properties of the system as both $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and the density nnn vary over a wide range where the system is stable. We use the maximum of the static structure function as an order parameter to characterize the different phases and the transition lines among them. We find that, in addition to a superfluid gas and a solid phase, the system reaches a stripe phase at large tilting angles that is entirely induced by the anisotropic character of the interaction. We also show that the quantum phase transition from the gas to the stripe phase is of second order and report approximate values for the critical exponents.
A microscopic description of the many-body properties of anisotropic homogeneous gases of bosonic dipoles in two dimensions is presented and discussed. By changing the polarization angle with respect to the plane, we study the impact of the anisotropy, present in the dipole-dipole interaction on different physical quantities. We restrict the analysis to the range of polarization angles where the interaction is always repulsive, although the strength of the repulsion can be strongly dependent on the orientation with respect to the polarization field. We present a study of the zero energy two-body problem which allows us to find the scattering length of the interaction and to build a suitable Jastrow many-body wave function that will be used as a trial wave function for Monte Carlo simulations of the bulk two-dimensional system of bosonic dipoles. In the first part of this work we have studied the low-density dipolar Bose gas and we find that the anisotropy has an almost negligible impact on the ground state properties of the many-body system in the universal regime where the scattering length governs the physics of the system. We also show that scaling in the gas parameter persists in the dipolar case up to values where other isotropic interactions with the same scattering length yield different predictions. We also evaluate the excitation spectrum of the dipolar Bose gas in the context of the Feynman approximation and compare the results obtained with the Bogoliubov ones. As expected, we find that these two approximations agree at very low densities, while they start to deviate from each other as the density increases. When the density of the system is increased we find that the behavior of the system depends on the value of the polarization angle of the dipolar moments of the system. At large densities and moderate values of the polarization angle the system undergoes a first-order quantum phase transition from a gas and a crystal phase. We also find that the anisotropy of the dipole-dipole potential causes an elongation of the crystalline lattice of the system in the direction where the interaction is stronger. At large polarization angles and moderate densities the system undergoes a second-order quantum phase transition from a gas to a stripe phase. Interestingly, the critical exponents of this second order transition are nearly independent of the tilting angle and are compatible with the 3D Ising and 3D XY model universality classes within the statistical uncertainty of our simulations. Finally, at high densities and large tilting angles the system shows a first order phase transition between the crystal and stripe phases. The slope of this transition curve is extremely large indicating that, due to the anisotropy of the interaction, the crystal phase of the system is no longer stable if the dipole - dipole potential is highly anisotropic. We consider the ground state of a bilayer system of dipolar bosons, which is a configuration consisting in the continement of the particles in two paralel planes by means of a trapping potential. We consider the simplest situation where dipole moments are oriented by an external field in the direction perpendicular to the parallel planes. Quantum Monte Carlo methods are used to calculate the ground-state energy, the one-body and two-body density matrix as a function of the separation between layers. We find that by decreasing the interlayer distance for fixed value of the strength of the dipolar interaction, the behavior of all the physical observables studied are compatible with the existence of a second order phase transition modulated by the inter-layer distance. In this sense, the results presented in this work are in good agreement with some previous studies of dipolar gases in a bilayer setup En este trabajo presentamos una descripción de las propiedades de los gases homogéneos de dipolos bosónicos en dos dimensiones. Cambiando el ángulo de polarización respecto a la perpendicular al plano donde las partículas están confinadas estudiamos el impacto de la anisotropía de la interacción dipolar en diferentes magnitudes físicas. El análisis se restringe al rango de ángulos de polarización en que la interacción es repulsiva aunque la intensidad pueda depender fuertemente de la orientación respecto a la dirección de polarización. El análisis del problema a dos cuerpos a energía cero nos permite evaluar la longitud de difusión de la interacción y construir una función de onda de tipo Jastrow para el sistema de muchos cuerpos. Esta función de onda será usada como función de prueba para las simulaciones Monte Carlo del sistema homogéneo de dipolos bosónicos en dos dimensiones. En la primera parte de la tesis hemos estudiado el gas de Bose dipolar en el régimen de bajas densidades, observando que el impacto de la anisotropía es negligible en las propiedades macroscópicas en el regimen donde la longitud de difusión gobierna la física del sistema. Hemos comprobado también que el escalado en el parámetro de gas persiste en el caso dipolar hasta valores donde otras interacciones isótropas con la misma longitud de difusión llevan a distintas predicciones. Hemos evaluado el espectro de excitaciones elementales del gas de Bose dipolar en el contexto de la aproximación de Feynman, comparando los resultados con los obtenidos mediante la aproximación de Bogoliubov. Como cabría esperar, las dos aproximaciones coinciden a bajas densidades y se alejan progresivamente al aumentar la densidad. Al aumentar la densidad del sistema vemos que el comportamiento del gas depende del valor del ángulo de polarización de los momentos dipolares. A altas densidades y valores moderados del ángulo de polarización el sistema experimenta una transición de fase de primer orden pasando de una fase gaseosa a una cristalina. Hemos observado también que la anisotropía de la interacción dipolar causa una elongación de la red cristalina en la dirección de interacción más intensa. Para valores elevados del ángulo de polarización y densidades moderadas el sistema muestra transición de fase, esta vez de segundo orden, en la que el sistema pasa de la fase gaseosa a una fase de bandas. Los exponentes críticos de esta transición de fase son independientes del ángulo de polarización y, dentro de los errores estadísticos de las simulaciones, son compatibles con las clases de universalidad del modelo de Ising y XY en tres dimensiones. Finalmente, a altas densidades y valores grandes del ángulo de polarización el sistema muestra otra transición de fase de primer orden entre la fase cristalina y la fase de bandas. La pendiente de esta curva de transición es extremadamente grande indicando que, debido a la anisotropía de la interacción, la fase cristalina deja de ser estable si el potencial de interacción dipolo-dipolo es muy anisótropo. En la última parte de la tesis estudiamos el estado fundamental de un sistema bicapa de dipolos bosónicos, que es una configuración en la que se confinan las partículas en dos planos paralelos mediante un potencial externo. Consideramos la situación más simple en la que los momentos dipolares están orientados por un campo externo en la dirección perpendicular a los planos. Hemos evaluado la energía del estado fundamental y las matrices densidad a uno y dos cuerpos en función de la distancia entre capas usando métodos Monte Carlo. Hemos encontrado que disminuyendo la distancia entre planos para un valor fijo de la intensidad de la interacción, el comportamiento de todos los observables estudiados es compatible con la existencia de una transición de fase de segundo orden modulada por la distancia entre capas. En este sentido, los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo muestran buen acuerdo con estudios previos de este sistema.
We establish that two-dimensional dipolar quantum gases admit a universal description, i.e., their thermodynamic properties are independent of details of the interaction at short distances.The only relevant parameters are the dipole length as well as the scattering length of the combined short-range plus dipolar interaction potential.We derive adiabatic relations that link the change in the thermodynamic potentials with respect to the scattering length and the dipole length to a generalized Tan contact parameter and a new dipolar contact, which involves an integral of a short-distance regularized pair distribution function.These two quantities determine the scale anomaly in the difference between pressure and energy density and also the internal energy in the presence of a harmonic confinement.For a weak transverse confinement, configurations with attractive interactions appear, which lead to a density-wave instability beyond a critical strength of the dipolar interaction.We show that this instability essentially coincides with the onset of a roton minimum in the excitation spectrum and may be understood in terms of a quantum analog of the Hansen-Verlet criterion for freezing of a classical fluid.
The superfluid to normal fluid transition of dipolar bosons in two dimensions is studied in a broad density range by using path integral Monte Carlo simulations and summarized in the phase diagram. While at low densities we find good agreement with the universal results depending only on the scattering length a{s}, at moderate and high densities the transition temperature is strongly affected by interactions and the excitation spectrum of quasiparticles. The results are expected to be of relevance to dipolar atomic and molecular systems and indirect excitons in quantum wells.