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arXiv:2006.14497 · IEEE Transactions on Communications

Quantumized Microwave Detection Based on Λ-Type Three-Level Superconducting System: HMM Modeling and Performance Prediction

Junyu Zhang, Chen Gong, Shangbin Li, Shanchi Wu, Rui Ni, Chengjie Zuo, Jinkang Zhu, Ming Zhao, Zhengyuan Xu

Published Aug 2, 2021• 2 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We adopt artificial$\Lambda $-type three-level system with superconducting devices for microwave signal detection, where the signal intensity reaches the level of discrete photons instead of continuous waveform. Based on the state transition principles of the three-level system, we propose a statistical model for microwave signal detection. In addition, achievable transmission rates and signal detection based on the proposed statistical models are investigated for low temperature conditions in deep space communication scenario. It is predicted that high sensitivity can be achieved by the proposed system. We further characterize the received signal considering the saturation phenomenon of three-level system, which reveals negligible performance degradation caused by saturation under weak received power regime.

DOI
10.1109/tcomm.2021.3101859

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We adopt artificialΛ\Lambda Λ-type three-level system with superconducting devices for microwave signal detection, where the signal intensity reaches the level of discrete photons instead of continuous waveform. Based on the state transition principles of the three-level system, we propose a statistical model for microwave signal detection. In addition, achievable transmission rates and signal detection based on the proposed statistical models are investigated for low temperature conditions in deep space communication scenario. It is predicted that high sensitivity can be achieved by the proposed system. We further characterize the received signal considering the saturation phenomenon of three-level system, which reveals negligible performance degradation caused by saturation under weak received power regime.
Photon-level Quantumized Microwave Detection Based on Artificial Λ\LambdaΛ-Type Three-level System with Superconducting Devices: Performance Prediction
We adopt artificial Λ\LambdaΛ-type three level system with superconducting devices for microwave signal detection, where the signal intensity can reach the level of discrete photons instead of continuous waveform. Based on the state transition principles, we propose a statistical model for microwave signal detection. Moreover, we investigate the achievable transmission rate and signal detection based on the statistical model. It is predicted that the proposed detection can achieve significantly higher sensitivity compared with the currently deployed 444G communication system.
Future wireless communication system embraces physical-layer signal detection with high sensitivity, especially in the microwave photon level. Currently, the receiver primarily adopts the signal detection based on semi-conductor devices for signal detection, while this paper introduces high-sensitivity photon-level microwave detection based on superconducting structure. We first overview existing works on the photon-level communication in the optical spectrum as well as the microwave photon-level sensing based on superconducting structure in both theoretical and experimental perspectives, including microwave detection circuit model based on Josephson junction, microwave photon counter based on Josephson junction, and two reconstruction approaches under background noise. In addition, we characterize channel modeling based on two different microwave photon detection approaches, including the absorption barrier and the dual-path Handury Brown-Twiss (HBT) experiments, and predict the corresponding achievable rates. According to the performance prediction, it is seen that the microwave photon-level signal detection can increase the receiver sensitivity compared with the state-of-the-art standardized communication system with waveform signal reception, with gain over 10dB.
We provide an overview of the recent progresses on the system architecture design and performance prediction for microwave signal detection under weak signal intensity regime, up to quantumized level. The technique roadmap includes two perspectives, the opto-electro-mechanical (OEM) and superconducting devices. For the former one, we first overview the concept of OEM, and then introduce the signal detection based on capacitive-opto-electro-mechanical systems and piezo- opto-electro-mechanical systems. For the latter one, we first overview the concept and architecture of Josephson junction, and then introduce the signal detection based on superconducting Hanbury Brown-Twiss (HBT) experiments and Λ energy-level splitting system. Besides, we review the microwave detection based on Rydberg atom system. We believe that this overview can provide a guidance for future transmission limit, signal processing, detection device fabrication and real experiments.
We propose a Λ-type superconducting three-energy-level device-based communication system for extremely weak microwave communication scenarios, for example, long-distance deep-space communication. We provide a system diagram and propose the frame synchronization and power estimation approaches based on pre-defined synchronization sequences. Based on the microwave response characteristics of the superconducting three-energy-level system, we further investigate the optimization of synchronization sequence and information symbol modulation. We show that three-energy-level systems with weak Markovianity can be approximated using independent identical distribution methods to obtain optimal synchronization sequences, and the optimal modulation is asymmetric. The proposed system design and optimization approaches are evaluated by numerical results. Moreover, we investigate the performance of the three-energy-level communication system in the presence of interference. Simulation results show that the three-energy-level communication system can tolerate more than 10 dB interference compared to long term evolution (LTE) systems and achieve the same communication rate for the same bandwidth and temperature.
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Analyzing weak microwave signals in the GHz regime is a challenging task if the signal level is very low and the photon energy widely undefined. A superconducting qubit can detect signals in the low photon regime, but due to its discrete level structure, it is only sensitive to photons of certain energies. With a multilevel quantum system (qudit) in contrast, the unknown signal frequency and amplitude can be deduced from the higher level ac Stark shift. The measurement accuracy is given by the signal amplitude, its detuning from the discrete qudit energy level structure, and the anharmonicity. We demonstrate an energy sensitivity in the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ with a measurement range of more than 1GHz1\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GHz}1GHz. Here, using a transmon qubit, we experimentally observe shifts in the transition frequencies involving up to three excited levels. These shifts are in good agreement with an analytic circuit model and master equation simulations. For large detunings, we find the shifts to scale linearly with the power of the applied microwave drive. Exploiting the effect, we demonstrated a power meter which makes it possible to characterize the microwave transmission from source to sample.