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arXiv:2005.03518 · International Journal of Quantum Information

Two efficient measurement device independent quantum dialogue protocols

Nayana Das, Goutam Paul

Published Oct 1, 2020• 18 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Quantum dialogue is a process of two-way secure and simultaneous communication using a single channel. Recently, a Measurement Device Independent Quantum Dialogue (MDI-QD) protocol has been proposed [A. Maitra, Measurement device independent quantum dialogue,Quantum Inf. Process. 16(12) (2017) 305]. To make the protocol secure against information leakage, the authors have discarded almost half of the qubits remaining after the error estimation phase. In this paper, we propose two modified versions of the MDI-QD protocol such that the number of discarded qubits is reduced to almost one-fourth of the remaining qubits after the error estimation phase. We use almost half of their discarded qubits along with their used qubits to make our protocol more efficient in qubits count. We show that both of our protocols are secure under the same adversarial model given in MDI-QD protocol.

DOI
10.1142/s0219749920500380

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Quantum dialogue is a process of two-way secure and simultaneous communication using a single channel. Recently, a Measurement Device Independent Quantum Dialogue (MDI-QD) protocol has been proposed [A. Maitra, Measurement device independent quantum dialogue,Quantum Inf. Process. 16(12) (2017) 305]. To make the protocol secure against information leakage, the authors have discarded almost half of the qubits remaining after the error estimation phase. In this paper, we propose two modified versions of the MDI-QD protocol such that the number of discarded qubits is reduced to almost one-fourth of the remaining qubits after the error estimation phase. We use almost half of their discarded qubits along with their used qubits to make our protocol more efficient in qubits count. We show that both of our protocols are secure under the same adversarial model given in MDI-QD protocol.
Very recently, the experimental demonstration of Quantum Secure Direct Communication (QSDC) with state-of-the-art atomic quantum memory has been reported (Phys. Rev. Lett., 2017). Quantum Dialogue (QD) falls under QSDC where the secrete messages are communicated simultaneously between two legitimate parties. The successful experimental demonstration of QSDC opens up the possibilities for practical implementation of QD protocols. Thus, it is necessary to analyze the practical security issues of QD protocols for future implementation. Since the very first proposal for QD by Nguyen (Phys. Lett. A, 2004) a large number of variants and extensions have been presented till date. However, all of those leak half of the secret bits to the adversary through classical communications of the measurement results. In this direction, motivated by the idea of Lo et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett., 2012), we propose a Measurement Device Independent Quantum Dialogue (MDI-QD) scheme which is resistant to such information leakage as well as side channel attacks. In the proposed protocol, Alice and Bob, two legitimate parties, are allowed to prepare the states only. The states are measured by an untrusted third party (UTP) who may himself behave as an adversary. We show that our protocol is secure under this adversarial model. The current protocol does not require any quantum memory and thus it is inherently robust against memory attacks. Such robustness might not be guaranteed in the QSDC protocol with quantum memory (Phys. Rev. Lett., 2017).
Abstract Quantum dialogue (QD) realizes the real-time secure bidirectional quantum communication. Measurement-device-independent (MDI) QD can resist all possible attacks focusing on the imperfect measurement devices and enhance QD’s practical security. However, in practical applications, any secure communication requires identity authentication as a prerequisite. In this paper, we propose an MDI QD protocol with bidirectional identity authentication. The practical communication parties can first authenticate the identity of each other simultaneously before the message exchange. In theory, our MDI QD protocol has unconditional security and the communication parties can exchange 1.5 bits of messages in each communication round with linear optical Bell state measurement. We numerically simulate the secrecy message capacity of our MDI QD protocol. Our protocol has two advantages. First, it can effectively resist the impersonation attack and enhance MDI QD’s practical security. Second, it does not require keys to assist the message exchange and has relatively high efficiency. Our protocol has application potential in the future quantum communication field.
Abstract To address the dual challenges of scarce quantum resources and measurement device vulnerabilities in practical quantum dialogue (QD) protocols, this paper proposes a measurement-device-independent semi-quantum dialogue (MDI-SQD) protocol based on hyperentangled Bell states. Employing a dual-degree-of-freedom encoding strategy, the protocol enables both parties to simultaneously encode secret messages and authentication information across their respective degrees of freedom, achieving identity verification and message transmission in a single round. To counter side-channel attacks, the protocol further incorporates a MDI framework, delegating critical measurement steps to untrusted third parties to effectively safeguard protocol security. Theoretical analysis demonstrates robust resistance to attacks. Performance evaluations reveal communication efficiency reaching 75%, significantly outperforming existing semi-quantum dialogue protocols.
Quantum conference is a process of securely exchanging messages between three or more parties, using quantum resources. A Measurement Device Independent Quantum Dialogue (MDI-QD) protocol, which is secure against information leakage, has been proposed (Quantum Information Processing 16.12 (2017): 305) in 2017, is proven to be insecure against intercept-and-resend attack strategy. We first modify this protocol and generalize this MDI-QD to a three-party quantum conference and then to a multi-party quantum conference. We also propose a protocol for quantum multi-party XOR computation. None of these three protocols proposed here use entanglement as a resource and we prove the correctness and security of our proposed protocols.
Recently, measurement-device-independent quantum secure direct communication schemes were proposed by Niu et al. (Sci.Bull. 63:1345, 2018) and Zhou et al. (Sci. China-Phys. Mech. Astron. 63:230362, 2020). Inspired by their ideas, in this paper, a measurement-device-independent quantum dialogue protocol based on entanglement is designed and proved to be secure. The advantage of this scheme is that it can not only allow two communicators transmit secret message each other, making the application scenarios more extensive, but also eliminate all the security loopholes related to the measurement device and information leakage. In terms of experimental implementation, the scheme mainly involves the preparation of entangled states, the preparation of single photon, quantum storage, Bell measurement and other technologies, all of which are mature at present, therefore, the scheme is feasible by using the current technologies.
Considering the high cost and high quantum resource consumption associated with measurement-device-independent quantum secure direct communication (MDI-QSDC), this paper designs an MDI-QSDC protocol based on a semi-quantum environment. This protocol appropriately reduces communication cost and quantum resource consumption by imposing certain restrictions on the quantum capabilities of one of the communication parties. Meanwhile, the protocol also ensures the high security of communication and increases secrecy channel capacity. Furthermore, given that 1-qubit in 2-dimensional system can encode a maximum of only 1-classical bit of information, the paper extends the proposed protocol toddd-dimensional system. This extension further improves communication efficiency and secrecy channel capacity, laying the foundation for future research on the diversity and efficiency of information transmission.