Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Chinese Journal of Electronics

Measurement-Device-Independent Semi-quantum Secure Direct Communication

Xiaoxue Zhang, Ri‐Gui Zhou, Wenshan Xu

Published Jan 1, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Considering the high cost and high quantum resource consumption associated with measurement-device-independent quantum secure direct communication (MDI-QSDC), this paper designs an MDI-QSDC protocol based on a semi-quantum environment. This protocol appropriately reduces communication cost and quantum resource consumption by imposing certain restrictions on the quantum capabilities of one of the communication parties. Meanwhile, the protocol also ensures the high security of communication and increases secrecy channel capacity. Furthermore, given that 1-qubit in 2-dimensional system can encode a maximum of only 1-classical bit of information, the paper extends the proposed protocol to$d$-dimensional system. This extension further improves communication efficiency and secrecy channel capacity, laying the foundation for future research on the diversity and efficiency of information transmission.

DOI
10.23919/cje.2024.00.322

Related papers

Measurement-device-independent quantum secure direct communication based on quantum cover channel and multiple degrees of freedom of hyperentanglement

Tian-Jiao Pan, Ri‐Gui Zhou, Xiao-Xue Zhang

Abstract Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) achieves direct and secure transmission of information which does not need a pre-shared key. To improve the practical reliability of QSDC systems, Measurement-device-independent quantum secure direct communication protocol (MDI-QSDC) have emerged, which provide a more secure communication method by eliminating the dependence on measurement devices. This paper proposes an MDI-QSDC protocol based on polarization-spatial-orbital angular momentum mode hyperentanglement and quantum covert channel (QCC). This protocol can transmit 6-bit information in one round of communication, eliminating security vulnerability and information leakage associated with measurement devices. Compared with the previous MDI-QSDC protocols, this paper further clarifies the enhancement of channel capacity and security through numerical simulation studies. Further, the protocol introduces imperceptible QCC on polarization-spatial mode, which is significantly more secure than direct coding on polarization-spatial mode only. Based on the above features, the potential of the proposed high-capacity MDI-QSDC protocol in quantum communication is highlighted.

Physica Scripta•Jan 27, 2025•6 citations

One-Sided Measurement-Device-Independent Practical Quantum Secure Direct Communication

Ze-Zhou Sun, Dong Pan, Dong Ruan +1 more

Measurement-device-independent quantum secure direct communication (MDI-QSDC) protocol is capable of defending against attacks on detectors by illegal parties, and its security relies on the trustworthy preparation of quantum states. In this paper, we propose the one-sided measurement-device-independent quantum secure direct communication (1SMDI-QSDC) protocol, which not only has the advantage of being independent of detection loopholes but also weakens the requirement of MDI-QSDC for state preparation. We analyze the real-life secrecy capacity of this proposed protocol by using realistic experimental settings that contain the weak coherent pulse source, parametric down-conversion source, and customized decoy-state method. The results indicate that our protocols can achieve secure communication over a few hundred kilometers. Furthermore, we find that the coding technology of increasing capacity using masking (INCUM) can mitigate the degradation of the maximum distance of secure communication when the state preparation is highly untrustworthy.

Journal of Lightwave Technology•Feb 14, 2023•25 citations

Measurement-device–independent quantum secure direct communication of multiple degrees of freedom of a single photon

Zi-Kang Zou, Lan Zhou, Wei Zhong +1 more

Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) can realize the direct and secure transmission of information instead of sharing secure keys between two parties. Similar to quantum key distribution (QKD), in practical applications, QSDC may suffer from attacks from imperfect detector. Measurement-device–independent QSDC (MDI-QSDC) can remove all attacks at detector's side and close all loopholes in the detection system. However, existing MDI-QSDC protocols have relatively low capacity. In this paper, we propose a high-capacity MDI-QSDC protocol of multiple degrees of freedom of a single photon. Compared with original MDI-QSDC protocols, our protocol has larger channel capacity which can use a single photon to transmit multi-bit of secure information. This protocol may have potential application in future quantum secure communication.

Europhysics Letters (EPL)•Sep 8, 2020•47 citations

Measurement-Device-Independent High-Capacity Quantum Secure Direct Communication Utilizing Hyperentangled Bell States

Hai Meng, Ri‐Gui Zhou, Lin-Tao Du

Abstract Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) enables the direct transmission of secret messages without prior sharing of keys among the communicating parties. However, in practical situations, an eavesdropper can compromise the measurement device and potentially steal secret messages. To enhance the reliability of QSDC systems, measurement-device-independent (MDI) QSDC protocols have been developed. In this paper, we propose a high-capacity MDI-QSDC protocol with authentication by utilizing hyperentangled Bell states. The protocol allows the sender to transmit six classical bit messages to the receiver using one quantum state. Our protocol has a higher coding capacity compared to other MDI-QSDC protocols. Additionally, we achieve mutual authentication of the identities of the communicating parties, and our scheme has significant advantages over the traditional QSDC protocols, where the legitimacy of the communicating parties has to be assumed. Theoretical analysis proves that our protocol can effectively defend against common attacks.

Physica Scripta•Jan 13, 2025•0 citations

One-Photon-Interference Quantum Secure Direct Communication

Xiangjie Li, Min Wang, Xing-Bo Pan +2 more

Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) is a quantum communication paradigm that transmits confidential messages directly using quantum states. Measurement-device-independent (MDI) QSDC protocols can eliminate the security loopholes associated with measurement devices. To enhance the practicality and performance of MDI-QSDC protocols, we propose a one-photon-interference MDI QSDC (OPI-QSDC) protocol which transcends the need for quantum memory, ideal single-photon sources, or entangled light sources. The security of our OPI-QSDC protocol has also been analyzed using quantum wiretap channel theory. Furthermore, our protocol could double the distance of usual prepare-and-measure protocols, since quantum states sending from adjacent nodes are connected with single-photon interference, which demonstrates its potential to extend the communication distance for point-to-point QSDC.

arXiv:2404.02780•Entropy•Sep 23, 2024•8 citations

Measurement-Device-Independent Three-party Quantum Secure Direct Communication Based on Entanglement Swapping

Jianhong Shi, Lan Zhou, Wei Zhong +1 more

Three-party (3P) quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) enables two parties to directly transmit secure messages to the third party through quantum channels without keys. Previous 3P-QSDC protocols all require ideal measurement devices, which are difficult to realize under current experimental condition. For enhancing 3P-QSDC's security under practical imperfect measurement device condition, we propose the measurement-device-independent (MDI) 3P-QSDC protocol, which can resist all possible attacks from imperfect measurement devices. In this protocol, the parties construct the entanglement channel with the help of entanglement swapping. Our MDI-3P-QSDC protocol is unconditionally secure in theory. It has application potential in future quantum communication field.

International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP)•Nov 1, 2022•1 citation
Considering the high cost and high quantum resource consumption associated with measurement-device-independent quantum secure direct communication (MDI-QSDC), this paper designs an MDI-QSDC protocol based on a semi-quantum environment. This protocol appropriately reduces communication cost and quantum resource consumption by imposing certain restrictions on the quantum capabilities of one of the communication parties. Meanwhile, the protocol also ensures the high security of communication and increases secrecy channel capacity. Furthermore, given that 1-qubit in 2-dimensional system can encode a maximum of only 1-classical bit of information, the paper extends the proposed protocol toddd-dimensional system. This extension further improves communication efficiency and secrecy channel capacity, laying the foundation for future research on the diversity and efficiency of information transmission.
Abstract Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) achieves direct and secure transmission of information which does not need a pre-shared key. To improve the practical reliability of QSDC systems, Measurement-device-independent quantum secure direct communication protocol (MDI-QSDC) have emerged, which provide a more secure communication method by eliminating the dependence on measurement devices. This paper proposes an MDI-QSDC protocol based on polarization-spatial-orbital angular momentum mode hyperentanglement and quantum covert channel (QCC). This protocol can transmit 6-bit information in one round of communication, eliminating security vulnerability and information leakage associated with measurement devices. Compared with the previous MDI-QSDC protocols, this paper further clarifies the enhancement of channel capacity and security through numerical simulation studies. Further, the protocol introduces imperceptible QCC on polarization-spatial mode, which is significantly more secure than direct coding on polarization-spatial mode only. Based on the above features, the potential of the proposed high-capacity MDI-QSDC protocol in quantum communication is highlighted.
Measurement-device-independent quantum secure direct communication (MDI-QSDC) protocol is capable of defending against attacks on detectors by illegal parties, and its security relies on the trustworthy preparation of quantum states. In this paper, we propose the one-sided measurement-device-independent quantum secure direct communication (1SMDI-QSDC) protocol, which not only has the advantage of being independent of detection loopholes but also weakens the requirement of MDI-QSDC for state preparation. We analyze the real-life secrecy capacity of this proposed protocol by using realistic experimental settings that contain the weak coherent pulse source, parametric down-conversion source, and customized decoy-state method. The results indicate that our protocols can achieve secure communication over a few hundred kilometers. Furthermore, we find that the coding technology of increasing capacity using masking (INCUM) can mitigate the degradation of the maximum distance of secure communication when the state preparation is highly untrustworthy.
Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) can realize the direct and secure transmission of information instead of sharing secure keys between two parties. Similar to quantum key distribution (QKD), in practical applications, QSDC may suffer from attacks from imperfect detector. Measurement-device–independent QSDC (MDI-QSDC) can remove all attacks at detector's side and close all loopholes in the detection system. However, existing MDI-QSDC protocols have relatively low capacity. In this paper, we propose a high-capacity MDI-QSDC protocol of multiple degrees of freedom of a single photon. Compared with original MDI-QSDC protocols, our protocol has larger channel capacity which can use a single photon to transmit multi-bit of secure information. This protocol may have potential application in future quantum secure communication.
Abstract Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) enables the direct transmission of secret messages without prior sharing of keys among the communicating parties. However, in practical situations, an eavesdropper can compromise the measurement device and potentially steal secret messages. To enhance the reliability of QSDC systems, measurement-device-independent (MDI) QSDC protocols have been developed. In this paper, we propose a high-capacity MDI-QSDC protocol with authentication by utilizing hyperentangled Bell states. The protocol allows the sender to transmit six classical bit messages to the receiver using one quantum state. Our protocol has a higher coding capacity compared to other MDI-QSDC protocols. Additionally, we achieve mutual authentication of the identities of the communicating parties, and our scheme has significant advantages over the traditional QSDC protocols, where the legitimacy of the communicating parties has to be assumed. Theoretical analysis proves that our protocol can effectively defend against common attacks.
Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) is a quantum communication paradigm that transmits confidential messages directly using quantum states. Measurement-device-independent (MDI) QSDC protocols can eliminate the security loopholes associated with measurement devices. To enhance the practicality and performance of MDI-QSDC protocols, we propose a one-photon-interference MDI QSDC (OPI-QSDC) protocol which transcends the need for quantum memory, ideal single-photon sources, or entangled light sources. The security of our OPI-QSDC protocol has also been analyzed using quantum wiretap channel theory. Furthermore, our protocol could double the distance of usual prepare-and-measure protocols, since quantum states sending from adjacent nodes are connected with single-photon interference, which demonstrates its potential to extend the communication distance for point-to-point QSDC.
Three-party (3P) quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) enables two parties to directly transmit secure messages to the third party through quantum channels without keys. Previous 3P-QSDC protocols all require ideal measurement devices, which are difficult to realize under current experimental condition. For enhancing 3P-QSDC's security under practical imperfect measurement device condition, we propose the measurement-device-independent (MDI) 3P-QSDC protocol, which can resist all possible attacks from imperfect measurement devices. In this protocol, the parties construct the entanglement channel with the help of entanglement swapping. Our MDI-3P-QSDC protocol is unconditionally secure in theory. It has application potential in future quantum communication field.