Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:2004.04695 · Entropy

Binary Black Hole Information Loss Paradox and Future Prospects

Ayan Mitra, Pritam Chattopadhyay, Goutam Paul, Vasilios Zarikas

Published Dec 8, 2020• 3 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Various techniques to tackle the black hole information paradox have been proposed. A new way out to tackle the paradox is via the use of a pseudo-density operator. This approach has successfully dealt with the problem with a two-qubit entangle system for a single black hole. In this paper, we present the interaction with a binary black hole system by using an arrangement of the three-qubit system of Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state. We show that our results are in excellent agreement with the theoretical value. We have also studied the interaction between the two black holes by considering the correlation between the qubits in the binary black hole system. The results depict a complete agreement with the proposed model. In addition to the verification, we also propose how modern detection of gravitational waves can be used on our optical setup as an input source, thus bridging the gap with the gravitational wave's observational resources in terms of studying black hole properties with respect to quantum information and entanglement.

DOI
10.3390/e22121387

Related papers

Non-Monogamy of Spatio-Temporal Correlations and the Black Hole Information Loss Paradox

Chiara Marletto, Vlatko Vedral, Salvatore Virzì +6 more

Pseudo-density matrices are a generalisation of quantum states and do not obey monogamy of quantum correlations. Could this be the solution to the paradox of information loss during the evaporation of a black hole? In this paper we discuss this possibility, providing a theoretical proposal to extend quantum theory with these pseudo-states to describe the statistics arising in black-hole evaporation. We also provide an experimental demonstration of this theoretical proposal, using a simulation in optical regime, that tomographically reproduces the correlations of the pseudo-density matrix describing this physical phenomenon.

arXiv:2002.07628•Entropy•Feb 18, 2020•12 citations

Multiqubit coherence of mixed states near event horizon

Wen-Mei Li, Jianbo Lu, Shu-Min Wu

Abstract We investigate the coherence of mixed Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) and W states for bosonic and fermionic fields when a subset of n ( n < N ) qubits experiences Hawking radiation near a Schwarzschild black hole. Analytical expressions are derived for the coherence of mixed N-qubit systems, including both the physically accessible and inaccessible parts in curved spacetime. The results show that the mixed W state maintains its coherence more effectively than the GHZ state as the Hawking temperature increases, even though its entanglement is weaker. As the number of qubits grows, W-state coherence becomes increasingly resistant to gravitational decoherence. Furthermore, fermionic fields preserve stronger entanglement, while bosonic fields retain higher coherence, highlighting a clear contrast between different particle statistics. These findings demonstrate how the Schwarzschild spacetime reshapes the balance between quantum coherence and entanglement, offering guidance for future relativistic quantum information applications.

arXiv:2505.07476•Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics•Feb 1, 2026•5 citations

Quantum Information Cannot Be Completely Hidden in Correlations: Implications for the Black-Hole Information Paradox

Samuel L. Braunstein, Arun Kumar Pati

Can quantum-information theory shed light on black-hole evaporation? By entangling the in-fallen matter with an external system we show that the black-hole information paradox becomes more severe, even for cosmologically sized black holes. We rule out the possibility that the information about the in-fallen matter might hide in correlations between the Hawking radiation and the internal states of the black hole. As a consequence, either unitarity or Hawking's semiclassical predictions must break down. Any resolution of the black-hole information crisis must elucidate one of these possibilities.

arXiv:gr-qc/0603046•Physical Review Letters•Feb 23, 2007•187 citations

Out of the box approach to Black hole Information paradox

Kiran Adhikari

Suppose a black hole forms from a pure quantum state $\ketψ$. The black hole information loss paradox arises from semiclassical arguments suggesting that, even in a closed system, the process of black hole formation and evaporation evolves a pure state into a mixed state. Resolution to the paradox typically demands violation of quantum mechanics or relativity in domains where they should hold. Instead, I propose that in a complete theory of quantum gravity, any region $\mathcal{U}$ that could collapse into a black hole should already be described by a mixed state, thus bypassing the paradox entirely. To that end, I present a model in which the universe is in a quantum error-corrected state, such that any local black hole appears mixed and encodes no information locally.

arXiv:2504.10429•Apr 14, 2025•0 citations

The 101 Phase State and the Black Hole Information Paradox

Melissa Blanchard, S. Sage

The black hole information paradox remains one of modern physics’ most persistent conceptual fractures. Hawking’s original formulation suggested that black hole evaporation yields thermal radiation, apparently severing the relation between the initial state and the final emitted state. Quantum theory, however, requires unitary evolution and therefore forbids true information destruction. This paper proposes that the paradox may be more fruitfully interpreted not as a flat binary contradiction between preservation and loss, but as an unresolved boundary-state problem. To clarify that claim, the paper introduces the 101 Phase State as a symbolic formalism for intermediate informational resolution. In this model, +1 denotes preserved or recoverable informational order, -1 denotes apparent loss or thermal unreadability, and 0 denotes the boundary interface at which observational contradiction becomes structurally legible but not yet fully resolved.

•Aug 9, 2026•0 citations

A Unified Quantum-Cosmic Information Model: Resolving the Black Hole Information Paradox via Scaling Laws and Informational Phase Conservation

lichao

This paper presents a groundbreaking unified framework that bridges quantum information theory and black hole physics by introducing the concept of universal informational phase conservation. Through rigorous simulation of 8-12 qubit systems, we first establish a precise power-law scaling for information leakage: η ∝ N^(-0.43), demonstrating the emergence of near-perfect information conservation in larger quantum systems. A key structural parameter, Δ₀ ≈ 8.0, is identified as the regulator of information flow. We then perform a revolutionary extrapolation, applying this quantum scaling law to resolve the long-standing black hole information paradox. Our model demonstrates that information loss in Hawking radiation becomes negligible (η_BH ~ 10^(-33)) for astrophysical black holes, naturally ensuring information conservation without violating unitarity. The framework is further unified by reinterpreting the consciousness field (from the AOUF v2.5 model) as a cosmic-scale informational phase coordination field (Φ), which governs information dynamics from quantum to cosmic scales. Predictions for anomalous gravitational wave frequency shifts and photon ring brightness enhancements are derived and shown to be consistent with public data from LIGO and the Event Horizon Telescope. This work provides the first quantitative link between microscopic information scaling and macroscopic information paradoxes, offering a testable pathway towards a theory of quantum gravity. Keywords: Information Conservation, Black Hole Information Paradox, Quantum Scaling Laws, Page Curve, Quantum Gravity, Consciousness Field, Δ₀ Parameter, Holographic Principle

•Nov 7, 2025•0 citations
Various techniques to tackle the black hole information paradox have been proposed. A new way out to tackle the paradox is via the use of a pseudo-density operator. This approach has successfully dealt with the problem with a two-qubit entangle system for a single black hole. In this paper, we present the interaction with a binary black hole system by using an arrangement of the three-qubit system of Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state. We show that our results are in excellent agreement with the theoretical value. We have also studied the interaction between the two black holes by considering the correlation between the qubits in the binary black hole system. The results depict a complete agreement with the proposed model. In addition to the verification, we also propose how modern detection of gravitational waves can be used on our optical setup as an input source, thus bridging the gap with the gravitational wave's observational resources in terms of studying black hole properties with respect to quantum information and entanglement.
Pseudo-density matrices are a generalisation of quantum states and do not obey monogamy of quantum correlations. Could this be the solution to the paradox of information loss during the evaporation of a black hole? In this paper we discuss this possibility, providing a theoretical proposal to extend quantum theory with these pseudo-states to describe the statistics arising in black-hole evaporation. We also provide an experimental demonstration of this theoretical proposal, using a simulation in optical regime, that tomographically reproduces the correlations of the pseudo-density matrix describing this physical phenomenon.
Abstract We investigate the coherence of mixed Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) and W states for bosonic and fermionic fields when a subset of n ( n < N ) qubits experiences Hawking radiation near a Schwarzschild black hole. Analytical expressions are derived for the coherence of mixed N-qubit systems, including both the physically accessible and inaccessible parts in curved spacetime. The results show that the mixed W state maintains its coherence more effectively than the GHZ state as the Hawking temperature increases, even though its entanglement is weaker. As the number of qubits grows, W-state coherence becomes increasingly resistant to gravitational decoherence. Furthermore, fermionic fields preserve stronger entanglement, while bosonic fields retain higher coherence, highlighting a clear contrast between different particle statistics. These findings demonstrate how the Schwarzschild spacetime reshapes the balance between quantum coherence and entanglement, offering guidance for future relativistic quantum information applications.
Can quantum-information theory shed light on black-hole evaporation? By entangling the in-fallen matter with an external system we show that the black-hole information paradox becomes more severe, even for cosmologically sized black holes. We rule out the possibility that the information about the in-fallen matter might hide in correlations between the Hawking radiation and the internal states of the black hole. As a consequence, either unitarity or Hawking's semiclassical predictions must break down. Any resolution of the black-hole information crisis must elucidate one of these possibilities.
Suppose a black hole forms from a pure quantum state ∣ψ⟩\ketψ∣ψ⟩. The black hole information loss paradox arises from semiclassical arguments suggesting that, even in a closed system, the process of black hole formation and evaporation evolves a pure state into a mixed state. Resolution to the paradox typically demands violation of quantum mechanics or relativity in domains where they should hold. Instead, I propose that in a complete theory of quantum gravity, any region U\mathcal{U}U that could collapse into a black hole should already be described by a mixed state, thus bypassing the paradox entirely. To that end, I present a model in which the universe is in a quantum error-corrected state, such that any local black hole appears mixed and encodes no information locally.
The black hole information paradox remains one of modern physics’ most persistent conceptual fractures. Hawking’s original formulation suggested that black hole evaporation yields thermal radiation, apparently severing the relation between the initial state and the final emitted state. Quantum theory, however, requires unitary evolution and therefore forbids true information destruction. This paper proposes that the paradox may be more fruitfully interpreted not as a flat binary contradiction between preservation and loss, but as an unresolved boundary-state problem. To clarify that claim, the paper introduces the 101 Phase State as a symbolic formalism for intermediate informational resolution. In this model, +1 denotes preserved or recoverable informational order, -1 denotes apparent loss or thermal unreadability, and 0 denotes the boundary interface at which observational contradiction becomes structurally legible but not yet fully resolved.
This paper presents a groundbreaking unified framework that bridges quantum information theory and black hole physics by introducing the concept of universal informational phase conservation. Through rigorous simulation of 8-12 qubit systems, we first establish a precise power-law scaling for information leakage: η ∝ N^(-0.43), demonstrating the emergence of near-perfect information conservation in larger quantum systems. A key structural parameter, Δ₀ ≈ 8.0, is identified as the regulator of information flow. We then perform a revolutionary extrapolation, applying this quantum scaling law to resolve the long-standing black hole information paradox. Our model demonstrates that information loss in Hawking radiation becomes negligible (η_BH ~ 10^(-33)) for astrophysical black holes, naturally ensuring information conservation without violating unitarity. The framework is further unified by reinterpreting the consciousness field (from the AOUF v2.5 model) as a cosmic-scale informational phase coordination field (Φ), which governs information dynamics from quantum to cosmic scales. Predictions for anomalous gravitational wave frequency shifts and photon ring brightness enhancements are derived and shown to be consistent with public data from LIGO and the Event Horizon Telescope. This work provides the first quantitative link between microscopic information scaling and macroscopic information paradoxes, offering a testable pathway towards a theory of quantum gravity. Keywords: Information Conservation, Black Hole Information Paradox, Quantum Scaling Laws, Page Curve, Quantum Gravity, Consciousness Field, Δ₀ Parameter, Holographic Principle