Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:2505.07476 · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics

Multiqubit coherence of mixed states near event horizon

Wen-Mei Li, Jianbo Lu, Shu-Min Wu

Published Feb 1, 2026• 5 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Abstract We investigate the coherence of mixed Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) and W states for bosonic and fermionic fields when a subset of n ( n < N ) qubits experiences Hawking radiation near a Schwarzschild black hole. Analytical expressions are derived for the coherence of mixed N-qubit systems, including both the physically accessible and inaccessible parts in curved spacetime. The results show that the mixed W state maintains its coherence more effectively than the GHZ state as the Hawking temperature increases, even though its entanglement is weaker. As the number of qubits grows, W-state coherence becomes increasingly resistant to gravitational decoherence. Furthermore, fermionic fields preserve stronger entanglement, while bosonic fields retain higher coherence, highlighting a clear contrast between different particle statistics. These findings demonstrate how the Schwarzschild spacetime reshapes the balance between quantum coherence and entanglement, offering guidance for future relativistic quantum information applications.

DOI
10.1088/1475-7516/2026/02/058

Related papers

Bosonic and fermionic coherence of N-partite states in the background of a dilaton black hole

Wen-Mei Li, Shu-Min Wu

A bstract We study the N-partite coherences of GHZ and W states for free bosonic and fermionic fields when any n observers hover near the event horizon of a Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger (GHS) dilaton black hole. We derive the more general analytical expressions for N-partite coherence, encompassing both physically accessible and inaccessible coherences in the context of the dilaton black hole. It has been found that the coherence of the bosonic field is greater than that of the fermionic field, while the entanglement of the fermionic field is greater than that of the bosonic field in dilaton spacetime. Additionally, the coherence of the W state is greater than that of the GHZ state, whereas the entanglement of the GHZ state is greater than that of the W state in curved spacetime. These results suggest that we should utilize suitable quantum resources and different types of particles for relativistic quantum information tasks.

arXiv:2407.07688•Journal of High Energy Physics•Sep 20, 2024•20 citations

Symmetry resolved quantum correlations under Hawking radiation in Schwarzschild spacetime

Wajid Joyia, M. A. Khan, Asif Ilyas +1 more

Abstract We investigate the behavior of quantum correlations and quantum uncertainty in tripartite systems subjected to Hawking radiation in the background of a Schwarzschild black hole. By considering different bipartitions of accessible and inaccessible field modes separated by the event horizon, we analyze three complementary quantum information measures: the symmetry resolved entanglement entropy (SREE), the quantum speed limit (QSL), and the Wigner Yanase Skew information (SI). Our analysis shows that the QSL decreases monotonically with increasing Hawking temperature, indicating that Hawking radiation enhances the distinguishability of the reduced quantum states along the Hawking radiation trajectory. In contrast, the skew information decreases only for partitions composed solely of accessible modes, reflecting a reduction in local quantum uncertainty caused by thermal mixing. The SREE, however, decreases only when the subsystem includes the inaccessible inside horizon mode of Alice, revealing a suppression of symmetry sector mixing due to the redistribution of entanglement across the horizon. These results demonstrate that Hawking radiation does not simply degrade quantum correlations but instead redistributes them between accessible and inaccessible sectors of the field. The combined analysis of SREE, SI, and QSL therefore provides a unified perspective on how relativistic effects reshape quantum information in curved spacetime.

The European Physical Journal C•Jul 29, 2026•0 citations

Bosonic and fermionic mutual information of N-partite systems in dilaton black hole background

Xiao-Wei Teng, Rui-Yang Xu, Hui-Chen Yang +1 more

We investigate multipartite total amount of correlations by analyzing the mutual information of N-partite states for both free bosonic and fermionic fields in the background of a Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger (GHS) dilaton black hole. Focusing on multipartite GHZ and W states, we examine how the Hawking effect influences the N-partite mutual information when one observer hovers near the event horizon while the remaining observers stay in the asymptotically flat region. By tracing over the inaccessible modes inside the event horizon, we derive analytical expressions for the N-partite mutual information in dilaton spacetime for both bosonic and fermionic fields. Our results show that fermionic mutual information is larger than its bosonic counterpart under the influence of the dilaton black hole, whereas the fermionic relative entropy of coherence (REC) is smaller than the bosonic REC. Moreover, the mutual information of GHZ states is consistently larger than that of W states, while the REC of GHZ states is smaller than that of W states in curved spacetime. These findings reveal distinct behaviors of multipartite mutual information and quantum coherence for different particle statistics and multipartite state structures under gravitational effects, providing further insight into many-body total correlations in curved spacetime.

gr-qcCross-listedarXiv:2603.18439•Nuclear Physics B•Mar 20, 2026•0 citations

Does the Hawking effect have the same impact on quantum entanglement and coherence in curved spacetime?

Yu-Xuan Wang, Shu-Min Wu, Zhihong Liu

Abstract We investigate how the Hawking effect reshapes distinct quantum resources of Dirac fields in Schwarzschild spacetime beyond the single-mode approximation. By quantifying quantum entanglement and coherence using the negativity, the l 1 -norm of coherence and the relative entropy of coherence, we observe a significant asymmetry in their response to gravitational effects. While the Hawking effect monotonically degrades entanglement and drives it toward a finite residual value, quantum coherence is instead monotonically amplified with increasing Hawking temperature, revealing the black hole as an effective decohering environment for nonlocal correlations but a coherence-enhancing mechanism for local superposition. Notably, we further find that under the influence of the Hawking effect, the maximally entangled state does not necessarily correspond to the largest initial negativity. In fact, its value may even be smaller than that of certain non-maximally entangled states. Our results demonstrate that gravity acts in a highly nonuniform manner on different facets of quantumness and highlight the necessity of resource-adapted state engineering for relativistic quantum information processing near the event horizon of the black hole.

Communications in Theoretical Physics•Jun 17, 2026•0 citations

Can Hawking effect of multipartite state protect quantum resources in Schwarzschild black hole?

Shu-Min Wu, Xiao-Wei Teng, Hui-Chen Yang +3 more

Abstract Most previous studies on relativistic quantum information have primarily focused on the vacuum state $$|0\rangle $$ | 0 ⟩ and the first excited state $$|1\rangle $$ | 1 ⟩ in two-mode entangled systems. In this work, we go beyond these limitations by considering arbitrary q -th excited states $$|q\rangle $$ | q ⟩ , aiming to investigate their role in preserving quantum resources. We analyze the influence of the Hawking effect on multipartite quantum states in the Schwarzschild spacetime, with particular attention to quantum entanglement and coherence. Our results show that, under the influence of the Hawking effect, increasing the excitation number q leads to a reduction in quantum entanglement and mutual information, while enhancing quantum coherence. This indicates that the Hawking effect on excited multipartite states tends to degrade quantum correlations but simultaneously protects quantum coherence in curved spacetime. Therefore, when implementing quantum information protocols in gravitational settings, reducing the excitation number q is favorable for maintaining entanglement, whereas increasing q may be advantageous for tasks that rely on quantum coherence in relativistic quantum information processing.

arXiv:2509.15002•The European Physical Journal C•Apr 22, 2026•2 citations

Resilience of quantum teleportation fidelity for bipartite mixed states near Schwarzschild and Dilaton black holes

Abhijit Mandal, Sovik Roy

Abstract We investigate the robustness of quantum teleportation in the presence of strong gravitational fields by analyzing bipartite mixed states derived from tripartite GHZ and W -class states near black hole event horizons. Considering a scenario where two observers approach the horizon of either a Schwarzschild or a Garfinkle–Horowitz–Strominger Dilaton black hole while a third remains in flat space, we quantify the teleportation fidelity of the resulting bipartite channels after tracing out one party. Through the quantization of Dirac fields and Bogoliubov transformations, we compute the teleportation fidelity under the influence of Hawking radiation and spacetime curvature. Our results show that while entanglement degrades, teleportation fidelity remains above the classical threshold of f > 2 3 for channels derived from W -class states, but not for GHZ -derived states. This indicates that quantum teleportation can remain feasible near black holes provided the initial entangled state retains useful bipartite entanglement.

arXiv:2501.06484•Classical and Quantum Gravity•Apr 16, 2026•0 citations
Abstract We investigate the coherence of mixed Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) and W states for bosonic and fermionic fields when a subset of n ( n < N ) qubits experiences Hawking radiation near a Schwarzschild black hole. Analytical expressions are derived for the coherence of mixed N-qubit systems, including both the physically accessible and inaccessible parts in curved spacetime. The results show that the mixed W state maintains its coherence more effectively than the GHZ state as the Hawking temperature increases, even though its entanglement is weaker. As the number of qubits grows, W-state coherence becomes increasingly resistant to gravitational decoherence. Furthermore, fermionic fields preserve stronger entanglement, while bosonic fields retain higher coherence, highlighting a clear contrast between different particle statistics. These findings demonstrate how the Schwarzschild spacetime reshapes the balance between quantum coherence and entanglement, offering guidance for future relativistic quantum information applications.
A bstract We study the N-partite coherences of GHZ and W states for free bosonic and fermionic fields when any n observers hover near the event horizon of a Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger (GHS) dilaton black hole. We derive the more general analytical expressions for N-partite coherence, encompassing both physically accessible and inaccessible coherences in the context of the dilaton black hole. It has been found that the coherence of the bosonic field is greater than that of the fermionic field, while the entanglement of the fermionic field is greater than that of the bosonic field in dilaton spacetime. Additionally, the coherence of the W state is greater than that of the GHZ state, whereas the entanglement of the GHZ state is greater than that of the W state in curved spacetime. These results suggest that we should utilize suitable quantum resources and different types of particles for relativistic quantum information tasks.
Abstract We investigate the behavior of quantum correlations and quantum uncertainty in tripartite systems subjected to Hawking radiation in the background of a Schwarzschild black hole. By considering different bipartitions of accessible and inaccessible field modes separated by the event horizon, we analyze three complementary quantum information measures: the symmetry resolved entanglement entropy (SREE), the quantum speed limit (QSL), and the Wigner Yanase Skew information (SI). Our analysis shows that the QSL decreases monotonically with increasing Hawking temperature, indicating that Hawking radiation enhances the distinguishability of the reduced quantum states along the Hawking radiation trajectory. In contrast, the skew information decreases only for partitions composed solely of accessible modes, reflecting a reduction in local quantum uncertainty caused by thermal mixing. The SREE, however, decreases only when the subsystem includes the inaccessible inside horizon mode of Alice, revealing a suppression of symmetry sector mixing due to the redistribution of entanglement across the horizon. These results demonstrate that Hawking radiation does not simply degrade quantum correlations but instead redistributes them between accessible and inaccessible sectors of the field. The combined analysis of SREE, SI, and QSL therefore provides a unified perspective on how relativistic effects reshape quantum information in curved spacetime.
We investigate multipartite total amount of correlations by analyzing the mutual information of N-partite states for both free bosonic and fermionic fields in the background of a Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger (GHS) dilaton black hole. Focusing on multipartite GHZ and W states, we examine how the Hawking effect influences the N-partite mutual information when one observer hovers near the event horizon while the remaining observers stay in the asymptotically flat region. By tracing over the inaccessible modes inside the event horizon, we derive analytical expressions for the N-partite mutual information in dilaton spacetime for both bosonic and fermionic fields. Our results show that fermionic mutual information is larger than its bosonic counterpart under the influence of the dilaton black hole, whereas the fermionic relative entropy of coherence (REC) is smaller than the bosonic REC. Moreover, the mutual information of GHZ states is consistently larger than that of W states, while the REC of GHZ states is smaller than that of W states in curved spacetime. These findings reveal distinct behaviors of multipartite mutual information and quantum coherence for different particle statistics and multipartite state structures under gravitational effects, providing further insight into many-body total correlations in curved spacetime.
Abstract We investigate how the Hawking effect reshapes distinct quantum resources of Dirac fields in Schwarzschild spacetime beyond the single-mode approximation. By quantifying quantum entanglement and coherence using the negativity, the l 1 -norm of coherence and the relative entropy of coherence, we observe a significant asymmetry in their response to gravitational effects. While the Hawking effect monotonically degrades entanglement and drives it toward a finite residual value, quantum coherence is instead monotonically amplified with increasing Hawking temperature, revealing the black hole as an effective decohering environment for nonlocal correlations but a coherence-enhancing mechanism for local superposition. Notably, we further find that under the influence of the Hawking effect, the maximally entangled state does not necessarily correspond to the largest initial negativity. In fact, its value may even be smaller than that of certain non-maximally entangled states. Our results demonstrate that gravity acts in a highly nonuniform manner on different facets of quantumness and highlight the necessity of resource-adapted state engineering for relativistic quantum information processing near the event horizon of the black hole.
Abstract Most previous studies on relativistic quantum information have primarily focused on the vacuum state ∣0⟩|0\rangle ∣0⟩ | 0 ⟩ and the first excited state ∣1⟩|1\rangle ∣1⟩ | 1 ⟩ in two-mode entangled systems. In this work, we go beyond these limitations by considering arbitrary q -th excited states ∣q⟩|q\rangle ∣q⟩ | q ⟩ , aiming to investigate their role in preserving quantum resources. We analyze the influence of the Hawking effect on multipartite quantum states in the Schwarzschild spacetime, with particular attention to quantum entanglement and coherence. Our results show that, under the influence of the Hawking effect, increasing the excitation number q leads to a reduction in quantum entanglement and mutual information, while enhancing quantum coherence. This indicates that the Hawking effect on excited multipartite states tends to degrade quantum correlations but simultaneously protects quantum coherence in curved spacetime. Therefore, when implementing quantum information protocols in gravitational settings, reducing the excitation number q is favorable for maintaining entanglement, whereas increasing q may be advantageous for tasks that rely on quantum coherence in relativistic quantum information processing.
Abstract We investigate the robustness of quantum teleportation in the presence of strong gravitational fields by analyzing bipartite mixed states derived from tripartite GHZ and W -class states near black hole event horizons. Considering a scenario where two observers approach the horizon of either a Schwarzschild or a Garfinkle–Horowitz–Strominger Dilaton black hole while a third remains in flat space, we quantify the teleportation fidelity of the resulting bipartite channels after tracing out one party. Through the quantization of Dirac fields and Bogoliubov transformations, we compute the teleportation fidelity under the influence of Hawking radiation and spacetime curvature. Our results show that while entanglement degrades, teleportation fidelity remains above the classical threshold of f > 2 3 for channels derived from W -class states, but not for GHZ -derived states. This indicates that quantum teleportation can remain feasible near black holes provided the initial entangled state retains useful bipartite entanglement.