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arXiv:2003.01088 · Applied Physics Letters

Split-gate cavity coupler for silicon circuit quantum electrodynamics

Felix Borjans, Xanthe Croot, Stefan Putz, Xiao Mi, Samuel Quinn, Andrew Pan, Joseph Kerckhoff, Emily Pritchett, Clayton A. C. Jackson, L. F. Edge, Richard S. Ross, Thaddeus D. Ladd, Matthew Borselli, Mark F. Gyure, J. R. Petta

Published Jun 8, 2020• 19 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Coherent charge-photon and spin-photon coupling has recently been achieved in silicon double quantum dots (DQDs). Here, we demonstrate a versatile split-gate cavity-coupler that allows more than one DQD to be coupled to the same microwave cavity. Measurements of the cavity transmission as a function of level detuning yield a charge cavity coupling rate of gc/2π= 58 MHz, a charge decoherence rate of γc/2π= 36 MHz, and a cavity decay rate of κ/2π= 1.2 MHz. The charge cavity coupling rate is in good agreement with device simulations. Our coupling technique can be extended to enable simultaneous coupling of multiple DQDs to the same cavity mode, opening the door to long-range coupling of semiconductor qubits using microwave frequency photons.

DOI
10.1063/5.0006442

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Coherent charge-photon and spin-photon coupling has recently been achieved in silicon double quantum dots (DQDs). Here, we demonstrate a versatile split-gate cavity-coupler that allows more than one DQD to be coupled to the same microwave cavity. Measurements of the cavity transmission as a function of level detuning yield a charge cavity coupling rate of gc/2π= 58 MHz, a charge decoherence rate of γc/2π= 36 MHz, and a cavity decay rate of κ/2π= 1.2 MHz. The charge cavity coupling rate is in good agreement with device simulations. Our coupling technique can be extended to enable simultaneous coupling of multiple DQDs to the same cavity mode, opening the door to long-range coupling of semiconductor qubits using microwave frequency photons.
We demonstrate a hybrid device architecture where the charge states in a double quantum dot (DQD) formed in a Si/SiGe heterostructure are read out using an on-chip superconducting microwave cavity. A quality factor Q = 5400 is achieved by selectively etching away regions of the quantum well and by reducing photon losses through low-pass filtering of the gate bias lines. Homodyne measurements of the cavity transmission reveal DQD charge stability diagrams and a charge-cavity coupling rate gc/2π= 23 MHz. These measurements indicate that electrons trapped in a Si DQD can be effectively coupled to microwave photons, potentially enabling coherent electron-photon interactions in silicon.
In recent years, notable progress has been made in the study of hole qubits in planar germanium, and circuit quantum electrodynamics (circuit QED) has emerged as a promising approach for achieving long-range coupling and scaling up of qubits. Here, we demonstrate the coupling between holes in a planar germanium double quantum dot (DQD) and photons in a microwave cavity. Specifically, a real-time calibrated virtual gate method is developed to characterize this hybrid system, which in turn allows us to determine the typical parameters sequentially through a single-parameter fitting instead of conventional multiparameter fitting with additional uncertainty, giving a hole-photon coupling rate of g0{g}_{0}g0​/2\ensuremath{\pi} = 21.7 MHz. This work is a step toward further research on hole-photon interactions and long-range qubit coupling in planar germanium. The experimental method developed in this work contributes to a more accurate and efficient characterization of hybrid cavity-QED systems.
We report the coherent coupling of two electron spins at a distance via virtual microwave photons.Each spin is trapped in a silicon double quantum dot at either end of a superconducting resonator, achieving spinphoton couplings up to around g s =2π ¼ 40 MHz.As the two spins are brought into resonance with each other, but detuned from the photons, an avoided crossing larger than the spin linewidths is observed with an exchange splitting around 2J=2π ¼ 20 MHz.In addition, photon-number states are resolved from the shift 2χ s =2π ¼ -13 MHz that they induce on the spin frequency.These observations demonstrate that we reach the strong dispersive regime of circuit quantum electrodynamics with spins.Achieving spin-spin coupling without real photons is essential to long-range two-qubit gates between spin qubits and scalable networks of spin qubits on a chip.
Coherent and strong coupling between photons and solid-state qubits, in the form of circuit quantum electrodynamics (QED), has been harnessed for two-qubit gates mediated by photons and high-fidelity quantum non-demolition readout, which are the building blocks of large-scale quantum computation. Recently, circuit QED has been extended to gate-defined semiconductor quantum dots. In this thesis, we develop a novel hybrid circuit QED architecture composed of a high-impedance superconducting microwave resonator and spins localized in silicon-MOS quantum dots. To control and measure the spin degrees of freedom, this hybrid system needs to operate at finite magnetic field. Consequently, we develop and characterize microwave resonators based on thin niobium nitride (NbN) films featuring a high kinetic inductance. We demonstrate high-impedance resonators with magnetic field resilience and low photon loss rates. We then co-integrate the NbN resonators on silicon spin qubit chips. With a hole confined in a double quantum dot (DQD), we report the first realization of a strong hole charge-photon interaction bordering the ultra-strong coupling regime. At finite magnetic field, putting the spin transition energy in resonance with the microwave cavity, we observe large vacuum Rabi mode splittings, signature of a strong spin-photon coupling. Our findings are well captured by the modelling of a hole DQD with different anisotropic Zeeman response in each dot and spin-orbit coupling dependent tunnel rates. We also find a sizeable spin-photon coupling when the hole is localized in the single quantum dot, in line with recent theoretical predictions. The different works presented in this manuscript pave the way for circuit QED with hole spins in gate-defined semiconductor quantum dots.
We report the coherent coupling of two electron spins at a distance via virtual microwave photons. Each spin is trapped in a silicon double quantum dot at either end of a superconducting resonator, achieving spin-photon couplings up to around gs/2π=40MHzg_s/2\pi = 40 \text{MHz}gs​/2π=40MHz. As the two spins are brought into resonance with each other, but detuned from the photons, an avoided crossing larger than the spin linewidths is observed with an exchange splitting around 2J/2π=20MHz2J/2\pi = 20 \text{MHz}2J/2π=20MHz. In addition, photon number states are resolved from the shift 2χs/2π=−13MHz2\chi_s/2\pi = -13 \text{MHz}2χs​/2π=−13MHz they induce on the spin frequency. These results could enable long-range two-qubit gates between spin qubits and scalable networks of spin qubits on a chip.
The interaction of qubits via microwave frequency photons enables long-distance qubit-qubit coupling and facilitates the realization of a large-scale quantum processor. However, qubits based on electron spins in semiconductor quantum dots have proven challenging to couple to microwave photons. In this theoretical work we show that a sizable coupling for a single electron spin is possible via spin-charge hybridization using a magnetic field gradient in a silicon double quantum dot. Based on parameters already shown in recent experiments, we predict optimal working points to achieve a coherent spin-photon coupling, an essential ingredient for the generation of long-range entanglement. Furthermore, we employ input-output theory to identify observable signatures of spin-photon coupling in the cavity output field, which may provide guidance to the experimental search for strong coupling in such spin-photon systems and opens the way to cavity-based readout of the spin qubit.