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arXiv:1912.02434 · Applied Physics Letters

Plasmono-atomic interactions on a fiber tip

Eng Aik Chan, Giorgio Adamo, Syed Abdullah Aljunid, M. Ducloy, Nikolay Zheludev, David Wilkowski

Published May 4, 2020• 9 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Light–atom interaction can be engineered by interfacing atoms with various specially designed media, and optical fibers are convenient platforms for realization of compact interfaces. Here, we show that an optical fiber sensor bearing a plasmonic metasurface at its tip can be used to detect modifications of the Doppler-free hyperfine atomic spectra induced by coupling between atomic and plasmonic excitations. We observed the inversion of the phase modulation reflectivity spectra of Cesium vapor in the presence of the metamaterial. This work paves the way for future compact hybrid atomic devices with a cleaved tip as a substrate platform to host various two-dimensional materials.

DOI
10.1063/1.5142411

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Hadiseh Alaeian

Over the past decades, alkali atoms have been the subject of intensive and diverse research, ranging from fundamental studies on ultra-cold atoms and Bose-Einstein condensates to technological applications. Since they possess only a single valance s-electron, the alkali atoms manifest a simple low-lying electronic structure compared to other atoms. Moreover, unlike conventional solid state systems their dispersion-free features make them an ideal candidate for sensing applications and referencing tasks. These two features have introduced alkali atoms as promising quantum emitters for the new paradigm of hybrid quantum optics and quantum electrodynamics. This new concept benefits from the existing integrated photonics technology for squeezing and confining the light in sub-wavelength scales to substantially enhance the light-atom interaction. The hybrid chip is envisioned to have light sources, waveguides, devices, and detectors to realize a complex quantum network down to a single photon level. In this talk I will discuss about our recent theoretical and experimental works on atomic vapor spectroscopy in the vicinity of the plasmonic and nanophotonic devices. I start from a density matrix-based formalism describing the evolution of Rb vapor atomic levels, excited with an incoherent pump and coupled to a plasmonic lattice. When designed properly, the lattice plasmon mode efficiently captures the spontaneously emitted photons from the excited Rb atoms and a coherent coupling between the lattice mode and the atomic levels would occur. I will elaborate on the effect of pumping rate and decoherence on the steady state of the hybrid system and the feasibility of achieving a lasing state. In the second part of the talk I will present the results of our experiments on Rb vapor coupled to such a plasmonic lattice. Starting from the pumping mechanism, I describe the collisional scheme we employed to transfer the excited Rb atoms from (_^5)P_(3/2) to(_^5)P_(1/2) , hence achieving a population inversion between P and S levels and an optical gain at 795 nm, eventually. I present the experimental results of this atomic vapor interaction with a plasmonic lattice resonating at 795 nm. The spectroscopy of Rb cloud modified with tightly squeezed and enhanced field of the lattice plasmons shows the clear signature of Fano resonances in the passive gas, followed by amplified spontaneous emission in the active gas and the lasing at higher pumping powers. The results of this study would pave the way toward hybrid atom-quantum photonic chips.

SPIE Quantum Nanophotonics•Oct 11, 2017•0 citations
Light–atom interaction can be engineered by interfacing atoms with various specially designed media, and optical fibers are convenient platforms for realization of compact interfaces. Here, we show that an optical fiber sensor bearing a plasmonic metasurface at its tip can be used to detect modifications of the Doppler-free hyperfine atomic spectra induced by coupling between atomic and plasmonic excitations. We observed the inversion of the phase modulation reflectivity spectra of Cesium vapor in the presence of the metamaterial. This work paves the way for future compact hybrid atomic devices with a cleaved tip as a substrate platform to host various two-dimensional materials.
We report on the coupling of an electric quadrupole transition in atomic vapor with plasmonic excitation in a nanostructured metallic metamaterial. The quadrupole transition at 685 nm in the gas of cesium atoms is optically pumped, while the induced ground-state population depletion is probed with light tuned on the strong electric dipole transition at 852 nm. We use selective reflection to resolve the Doppler-free hyperfine structure of cesium atoms. We observe a strong modification of the reflection spectra at the presence of metamaterial and discuss the role of the spatial variation of the surface plasmon polariton on the quadrupole coupling.
We report on reflection spectra of cesium atoms in close vicinity of a nanostructured metallic meta-surface. We show that the hyperfine sub-Doppler spectrum of the 6(2)S1/2-6(2)P3/2 resonance transition at 852 nm is strongly affected by the coupling to the plasmonic resonance of the nanostructure. Fine tuning of dispersion and positions of the atomic lines in the near-field of plasmonic metamaterials could have uses and implications for atom-based metrology, sensing, and the development of atom-on-a-chip devices.
We demonstrate chip-scale sub-Doppler spectroscopy in an integrated and fiber-coupled photonic-metasurface device. The device is a stack of three planar components: a photonic mode expanding grating emitter circuit with a monolithically integrated tilt-compensating dielectric metasurface, a microfabricated atomic vapor cell, and a mirror. The metasurface photonic circuit efficiently emits a 130 μm wide (1/e2 diameter) collimated surface-normal beam with only −6.3 dB loss and couples the reflected beam back into the waveguide and connecting fiber, requiring no alignment between the stacked components. We develop a simple model based on light propagation through the photonic device to interpret the atomic spectroscopy signals and explain spectral features covering the full Rb hyperfine state manifold. The demonstration of waveguide-to-waveguide coupling through the vapor cell paves the way for atomic ensembles to be used as components in complex photonic integrated circuits, allowing the unique properties of atomic systems to be available for future highly miniaturized optical devices and systems.
The strong evanescent field around ultrathin unclad optical fibers bears a high potential for detecting, trapping, and manipulating cold atoms. Introducing such a fiber into a cold-atom cloud, we investigate the interaction of a small number of cold cesium atoms with the guided fiber mode and with the fiber surface. Using high resolution spectroscopy, we observe and analyze light-induced dipole forces, van der Waals interaction, and a significant enhancement of the spontaneous emission rate of the atoms. The latter can be assigned to the modification of the vacuum modes by the fiber.
Over the past decades, alkali atoms have been the subject of intensive and diverse research, ranging from fundamental studies on ultra-cold atoms and Bose-Einstein condensates to technological applications. Since they possess only a single valance s-electron, the alkali atoms manifest a simple low-lying electronic structure compared to other atoms. Moreover, unlike conventional solid state systems their dispersion-free features make them an ideal candidate for sensing applications and referencing tasks. These two features have introduced alkali atoms as promising quantum emitters for the new paradigm of hybrid quantum optics and quantum electrodynamics. This new concept benefits from the existing integrated photonics technology for squeezing and confining the light in sub-wavelength scales to substantially enhance the light-atom interaction. The hybrid chip is envisioned to have light sources, waveguides, devices, and detectors to realize a complex quantum network down to a single photon level. In this talk I will discuss about our recent theoretical and experimental works on atomic vapor spectroscopy in the vicinity of the plasmonic and nanophotonic devices. I start from a density matrix-based formalism describing the evolution of Rb vapor atomic levels, excited with an incoherent pump and coupled to a plasmonic lattice. When designed properly, the lattice plasmon mode efficiently captures the spontaneously emitted photons from the excited Rb atoms and a coherent coupling between the lattice mode and the atomic levels would occur. I will elaborate on the effect of pumping rate and decoherence on the steady state of the hybrid system and the feasibility of achieving a lasing state. In the second part of the talk I will present the results of our experiments on Rb vapor coupled to such a plasmonic lattice. Starting from the pumping mechanism, I describe the collisional scheme we employed to transfer the excited Rb atoms from (_^5)P_(3/2) to(_^5)P_(1/2) , hence achieving a population inversion between P and S levels and an optical gain at 795 nm, eventually. I present the experimental results of this atomic vapor interaction with a plasmonic lattice resonating at 795 nm. The spectroscopy of Rb cloud modified with tightly squeezed and enhanced field of the lattice plasmons shows the clear signature of Fano resonances in the passive gas, followed by amplified spontaneous emission in the active gas and the lasing at higher pumping powers. The results of this study would pave the way toward hybrid atom-quantum photonic chips.