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arXiv:1911.03160

A 10 mK hermetic cell for eliminating parasitic heating in cryogen-free dilution refrigerators

D. Schmoranzer, Sumit Kumar, S. Triqueneaux, Xiao Liu, Thomas Metcalf, Glenn G. Jernigan, Eddy Collin, Andrew D. Fefferman

Published Nov 8, 2019• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Cryogen-free dilution refrigerators generally simplify low temperature research but some types of samples, including superconducting qubits and other nanoelectronic devices, are affected by environmental heat sources such as stray photons or residual helium. We present the design and performance of a hermetic cell installed on the mixing chamber plate of a cryogen-free dilution refrigerator. The performance was quantified by measuring the dependence of the resonance frequency of a mechanical oscillator installed inside the cell on the mixing chamber temperature down to 10 mK. We found the expected logarithmic temperature dependence of the resonance frequency down to the lowest temperatures, demonstrating that the efficiency of the hermetic shield is significantly better than that of a simpler shield with no visible gaps.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1911.03160

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A cryogen-free cryostat was set up in order to perform measurements at ultra low temperatures. The setup involved the removal of an adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR) and replacing it with a dilution refrigerator system. The modified cryostat is able to provide continuous cooling power, enabling greater flexibility over the ADR in the type of low temperature experiments that can be performed. Condensation stages, main flow impedance and radiation baffles were designed, constructed and installed into the cryostat. Several general cryostat design considerations are also discussed. Condensation of the incoming 3He - 4He mixture utilizes only the cooling power of the two-stage pulse tube refrigerator. For a circulation rate of 120 μmols/sec, the base temperature of the cryostat is 70 mK with a cooling power of 33 μW of heat at 100 mK. \nWith this cryostat, a measurement system is developed for studying superconducting microwave resonators. Residual losses in these devices continue to impede their performance in applications such as ultra sensitive detectors and quantum computing. A microwave circuit consisting of coaxial cables, attenuators and amplifiers was installed on the cryostat to measure losses in these devices. Data analysis and fitting procedures were written in Python programming language to extract key resonator properties. Characterizing and understanding loss mechanisms for these devices will lead to improved materials and fabrication methods. This will ultimately result in losses that approach the fundamental limit set by the Mattis-Bardeen theory.
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Microwave experiments in dilution refrigerators are a central tool in the field of superconducting quantum circuits and other research areas. This type of experiments relied so far on attaching a device to the mixing chamber of a dilution refrigerator. The minimum turnaround time in this case is a few days as required by cooling down and warming up the entire refrigerator. We developed a new approach, in which a suitable sample holder is attached to a cold-insertable probe and brought in contact with transmission lines permanently mounted inside the cryostat. The total turnaround time is 8 h if the target temperature is 80 mK. The lowest attainable temperature is 30 mK. Our system can accommodate up to six transmission lines, with a measurement bandwidth tested from zero frequency to 12 GHz. This bandwidth is limited by low-pass components in the setup; we expect the intrinsic bandwidth to be at least 18 GHz. We present our setup, discuss the experimental procedure, and give examples of experiments enabled by this system. This new measurement method will have a major impact on systematic ultra-low temperature studies using microwave signals, including those requiring quantum coherence.