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arXiv:1909.02409 · Physical Review A

Long-lifetime coherence in a quantum emitter induced by a metasurface

Emmanuel Lassalle, Philippe Lalanne, Syed Abdullah Aljunid, Patrice Genevet, Brian Stout, Thomas Durt, David Wilkowski

Published Jan 31, 2020• 22 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

An anisotropic quantum vacuum (AQV) has been predicted to induce quantum interferences during the spontaneous emission process in an atomic $V$ transition [G. S. Agarwal, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 5500 (2000)]. Nevertheless, the finite lifetime of the excited states is expected to strongly limit the observability of this phenomenon. In this paper, we predict that an AQV can induce a long-lifetime coherence in an atomic $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ transition from the process of spontaneous emission, which has an additional advantage of removing the need for coherent laser excitation. We also carry out two metasurface designs and compare their respective efficiencies for creating an AQV over remote distances. The detection of this coherence induced by a metasurface, in addition to being yet another vindication of quantum electrodynamics, could pave the way towards the remote distance control of coherent coupling between quantum emitters, which is a key requirement to produce entanglement in quantum technology applications.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.101.013837

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An anisotropic quantum vacuum (AQV) has been predicted to induce quantum interferences during the spontaneous emission process in an atomic VVV transition [G. S. Agarwal, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 5500 (2000)]. Nevertheless, the finite lifetime of the excited states is expected to strongly limit the observability of this phenomenon. In this paper, we predict that an AQV can induce a long-lifetime coherence in an atomic \ensuremathΛ\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\ensuremathΛ transition from the process of spontaneous emission, which has an additional advantage of removing the need for coherent laser excitation. We also carry out two metasurface designs and compare their respective efficiencies for creating an AQV over remote distances. The detection of this coherence induced by a metasurface, in addition to being yet another vindication of quantum electrodynamics, could pave the way towards the remote distance control of coherent coupling between quantum emitters, which is a key requirement to produce entanglement in quantum technology applications.
An anisotropic quantum vacuum (AQV) opens novel pathways for controlling light-matter interaction in quantum optics, condensed matter physics, etc. Here, we theoretically demonstrate a strong AQV over macroscopic distances enabled by a judiciously designed array of subwavelength-scale nanoantennas-a metasurface. We harness the phase-control ability and the polarization-dependent response of the metasurface to achieve strong anisotropy in the decay rate of a quantum emitter located over distances of hundreds of wavelengths. Such an AQV induces quantum interference among radiative decay channels in an atom with orthogonal transitions. Quantum vacuum engineering with metasurfaces holds promise for exploring new paradigms of long-range light-matter interaction for atom optics, solid-state quantum optics, quantum information processing, etc.
Quantum vacuum engineering is an active field of research. Here we use recent advances in the field of metasurface (2D-array of sub-wavelength scale nano-antennas) to construct an anisotropic quantum vacuum (AQV) in the vicinity of a quantum emitter located at some macroscopic distance from the metasurface. Such AQV can induce quantum interference among several atomic transitions, even when the transition dipole moment corresponding to the decay channels are orthogonal. Recently, there have been few theoretical proposal to use metamaterials to engineer the back-action. All these approaches, which works in the near field (few tens of nanometers from the surface), suffers from trapping an atom at these distance, surface interactions like quenching, Casimir force etc. Hence it’s pivotal to construct the back-action over macroscopic distance. We harness the polarization dependent response of a metasurface to engineer the back-action of the spontaneous emission from the atom to itself. We show strong anisotropy in the decay rate of a quantum emitter which is a manifestation of AQV. Engineering light-matter interaction over macroscopic distances opens new possibilities for long-range interaction between quantum emitters for quantum information processing, spin-optics/spintronics etc.
In this work we focus on studying the temporal dynamics of a V-type quantum emitter with two excited states, which allows to observe an interplay between different spontaneous emission channels. We show that the presence of an anisotropic metasurface enables an interaction between the two active transitions and makes it possible to achieve a strong coupling regime. We also show that if the rotation plane of the transition dipole moments is arbitrarily oriented with respect to the metasurface interface, it is possible to observe a non-reciprocal behavior.
Subwavelength atomic arrays, recently labeled as quantum metamaterials, have emerged as an exciting platform for obtaining novel quantum optical phenomena. The strong interference effects in these systems generate subradiant excitations that propagate through the atomic array with very long lifetimes. Here, we demonstrate that one can harness these excitations to obtain tunable directional emission patterns and collective dissipative couplings when placing judiciously additional atoms nearby the atomic array. For doing that, we first characterize the optimal square array geometry to obtain directional emission patterns. Then, we characterize the best atomic positions to couple efficiently to the subradiant metasurface excitations and provide several improvement strategies based on entangled atomic clusters or bilayers. Afterward, we also show how the directionality of the emission pattern can be controlled through the relative dipole orientation between the auxiliary atoms and the one of the array. Finally, we benchmark how these directional emission patterns translate into to collective, anisotropic dissipative couplings between the auxiliary atoms by studying the lifetime modification of atomic entangled states.
The control of the spontaneous emission of quantum emitters is of fundamental importance for the development of future quantum technologies, like quantum cryptography or quantum computing. Such applications rely on the manipulation of atoms, molecules, or "artificial" atoms, as elementary sources of light, and on the exploitation of the quantum nature of the emitted light, single photons. With the recent developments in nanofabrication techniques and nanotechnologies, the modification of the dynamics of the spontaneous emission by the environment is being investigated at the level of a few emitters, allowing for unprecedented control and manipulation of the spontaneous emission. In parallel to the experimental efforts, theoretical understanding of the fundamental interaction mechanisms between quantum emitters and their environment also becomes more and more essential.In this thesis, we tackle three different paradigms of the spontaneous emission phenomenon, all dealing with modifications of the spontaneous emission induced the environment. Firstly, we tackle the problem of monitored spontaneous emission, that is how the processus of emission is modified when the emitting system is being frequently monitored by an external observer, and which is closely related to the problem of measurementin quantum mechanics. Secondly, we consider the interaction between quantum emitters and optical resonances supported by nearby nanostructures. Finally, we study the remote interaction between quantum emitters and surfaces engraved with nanostructures which are designed and arranged in specific patterns, so-called metasurfaces.We present and deal with different formalisms to model such different situations, interfacing different fields of physics like quantum optics and nanophotonics. In each of these situations, we illustrate with realistic theoretical predictions how the spontaneous emission is modified: in the first case, how the lifetime of the quantum emitter is altered,in the second case how the frequency of the emitted photon is altered, and in the last situation how the environment may induce quantum coherence in the emitter. For each case, for provide with experimental proposals for future confirmations of these predictions, to bring a better understanding and control over these fundamental processes.