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arXiv:1908.09169 · International Journal of Quantum Information

Cryptanalysis and improvement of Wu–Cai–Wu–Zhang’s quantum private comparison protocol

Guang Ping He

Published Oct 1, 2020• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

In a recent paper [Int. J. Quantum Inf. 17 (2019) 1950026], the authors discussed the shortcomings in the security of a quantum private comparison protocol that we previously proposed [Int. J. Quantum Inf. 15 (2017) 1750014]. They also proposed a new protocol aimed to avoid these problems. Here, we analyze the information leaked in their protocol, and find that it is even less secure than our protocol in certain cases. We further propose an improved version which has the following advantages: (1) no entanglement needed, (2) quantum memory is no longer required, and (3) less information leaked. Therefore, better security and great feasibility are both achieved.

DOI
10.1142/s0219749920500410

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In a recent paper [Int. J. Quantum Inf. 17 (2019) 1950026], the authors discussed the shortcomings in the security of a quantum private comparison protocol that we previously proposed [Int. J. Quantum Inf. 15 (2017) 1750014]. They also proposed a new protocol aimed to avoid these problems. Here, we analyze the information leaked in their protocol, and find that it is even less secure than our protocol in certain cases. We further propose an improved version which has the following advantages: (1) no entanglement needed, (2) quantum memory is no longer required, and (3) less information leaked. Therefore, better security and great feasibility are both achieved.
Abstract Recently, Wu et al (2019 Int. J. Theor. Phys. 58 1854) found a serious information leakage problem in Ye and Ji’s quantum private comparison protocol (2017 Int. J. Theor. Phys. 56 1517), that is, a malicious participant can steal another’s secret data without being detected through an active attack means. In this paper, we show that Wu et al ’s active attack is also effective for several other existing protocols, including the ones proposed by Ji et al and Zha et al (2016 Commun. Theor. Phys. 65 711; 2018 Int. J. Theor. Phys. 57 3874). In addition, we propose what a passive attack means, which is different from Wu et al ’s active attack in that the malicious participant can easily steal another’s secret data only by using his own secret data after finishing the protocol, instead of stealing the data by forging identities when executing the protocol. Furthermore, we find that several other existing quantum private comparison protocols also have such an information leakage problem. In response to the problem, we propose a simple solution, which is more efficient than the ones proposed by Wu et al , because it does not consume additional classical and quantum resources.
For two participants to compare the equality of their private information without revealing them, a new quantum private protocol with the help of semi-honest third party TP is proposed. Different from previous protocols, the four particle |Wf⟩ state and the |χ+⟩ state are utilized in this protocol as the carriers of quantum information and form the entanglement swapping as basic principle. The simple measurement of quantum states and exclusive-or operation are only required to conduct in this protocol. What’s more, this protocol can compare two bits of two participants’ private information in every comparison time. Meanwhile, it needs no unitary operation to fulfill this protocol. This protocol is feasible and efficient to execute through these aspects. In the end, the security of this protocol is analyzed at great length from two kinds of attacks including the outside attack and the participant attack. And the analysis result shows that this protocol can withstand various kinds of attacks and be secure to perform efficiently.
Recently, Liu et al. [ Commun. Theor. Phys. 57 (2012) 583 ] proposed a quantum private comparison protocol based on entanglement swapping of Bell states, which aims to securely compare the equality of two participants' information with the help of a semi-honest third party (TP). However, the present study points out there is a fatal loophole in Liu et al.'s protocol, and TP can make Bell-basis measurement to know all the participants' secret inputs without being detected. To fix the problem, a simple solution, which uses one-time eavesdropper checking with decoy photons instead of twice eavesdropper checking with Bell states, is demonstrated. Compared with the original protocol, it not only reduces the Bell states consumption but also simplifies the protocol steps.
A quantum private comparison (QPC) protocol based on W states [W. Liu et al., Opt. Commun.284, 3160 (2011)] has pointed out there is a flaw of information leak [Y. B. Li et al., Eur. Phys. J. D.66, 110 (2012)]. In order to solve the problem, a special kind of W-class state is introduced, and its construction framework of quantum circuits is sketched. Based on this kind of W-class states, an improvement on Liu et al.'s protocol is presented. Analysis shows the improvement can not only hold the characteristics of original protocol, but also avoid the information leak that Li et al. pointed out.
Abstract Based on Bell states, a new semi-quantum private comparison protocol is proposed that enables two classical users to securely compare the equality of their private information with the aid of a semi-honest third party. Different from the existing semi-quantum private comparison protocols, the two classical participants in the presented protocol do not need to measure and prepare any quantum state, which not only reduces the consumption of quantum devices, but also greatly improves the feasibility of the protocol. Performing different unitary operations on the received particles, classical users can securely compare their secret information. Besides, the devised protocol has higher qubit efficiency than the other similar counterparts, since participants can compare a two-bit privacy each time with one qubit. Meanwhile, after completing the comparison process, all Bell states could be reused since they still retain the corresponding entanglement property, which greatly facilitates the recycle of quantum resources. Security analyses indicate that the designed scheme is secure against external attack and internal attack. Moreover, the operations involved in our scheme are simulated on the IBM Quantum Experience to demonstrate the effectiveness and security of our scheme.