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International Journal of Quantum Information

Cryptanalysis of He’s quantum private comparison protocol and a new protocol

Wanqing Wu, Qing-yu Cai, Wu Shuomei, Huanguo Zhang

Published Apr 1, 2019• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Recently, He proposed a novel quantum private comparison protocol without a third party (G. P. He, Int. J. Quantum Inf. 15(2) (2016) 1750014). This paper points out that two security loopholes in He’s protocol are existent. And a new QPC protocol which can avoid these loopholes is proposed without the help of a third party in this paper.

DOI
10.1142/s0219749919500266

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Recently, He proposed a novel quantum private comparison protocol without a third party (G. P. He, Int. J. Quantum Inf. 15(2) (2016) 1750014). This paper points out that two security loopholes in He’s protocol are existent. And a new QPC protocol which can avoid these loopholes is proposed without the help of a third party in this paper.
In a recent paper [Int. J. Quantum Inf. 17 (2019) 1950026], the authors discussed the shortcomings in the security of a quantum private comparison protocol that we previously proposed [Int. J. Quantum Inf. 15 (2017) 1750014]. They also proposed a new protocol aimed to avoid these problems. Here, we analyze the information leaked in their protocol, and find that it is even less secure than our protocol in certain cases. We further propose an improved version which has the following advantages: (1) no entanglement needed, (2) quantum memory is no longer required, and (3) less information leaked. Therefore, better security and great feasibility are both achieved.
Abstract Since unconditionally secure quantum two-party computations are known to be impossible, most existing quantum private comparison (QPC) protocols adopted a third party. Recently, we proposed a QPC protocol which involves two parties only, and showed that although it is not unconditionally secure, it only leaks an extremely small amount of information to the other party. Here we further propose the device-independent version of the protocol, so that it can be more convenient and dependable in practical applications.
Recently, Liu et al. [ Commun. Theor. Phys. 57 (2012) 583 ] proposed a quantum private comparison protocol based on entanglement swapping of Bell states, which aims to securely compare the equality of two participants' information with the help of a semi-honest third party (TP). However, the present study points out there is a fatal loophole in Liu et al.'s protocol, and TP can make Bell-basis measurement to know all the participants' secret inputs without being detected. To fix the problem, a simple solution, which uses one-time eavesdropper checking with decoy photons instead of twice eavesdropper checking with Bell states, is demonstrated. Compared with the original protocol, it not only reduces the Bell states consumption but also simplifies the protocol steps.
Ji et al. [Mod. Phys. Lett. A 34, 1950229 (2019)] and Fan et al. [Mod. Phys. Lett. A 37, 2250026 (2022)] proposed two-party quantum private comparison (QPC) protocols based on 7-qubit and 8-qubit states, respectively. However, these two QPC protocols did not consider third-party (TP) attacks. Therefore, this study focuses on TP attacks and demonstrates that the property of a 7-qubit or 8-qubit entanglement state is useless in this attack situation; that is, the participant wastes resources to maintain the qubits. For the same assumption environment proposed by Ji et al. and Fan et al., this study proposes an improvement and simplification protocol that allows participants to reach the goal of private comparison by using only classical computation and the classical communication channel without any entanglement state.
As an important branch of quantum secure multiparty computation, quantum private comparison (QPC) has attracted more and more attention recently. In this paper, according to the quantum implementation mechanism that these protocols used, we divide these protocols into three categories: The quantum cryptography QPC, the superdense coding QPC, and the entanglement swapping QPC. And then, a more in-depth analysis on the research progress, design idea, and substantive characteristics of corresponding QPC categories is carried out, respectively. Finally, the applications of QPC and quantum secure multi-party computation issues are discussed and, in addition, three possible research mainstream directions are pointed out.