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arXiv:1812.03470 · Physical Review Applied

Reconstruction of Joint Photon-Number Distributions of Twin Beams Incorporating Spatial Noise Reduction

Jan Peřina, Václav Michálek, Ondřej Haderka

Published Dec 21, 2018• 3 citations
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Abstract

Photons in twin beams exhibit correlations in both photon number and spatial detection position. Here spatial correlations in detection positions are exploited to develop a method for reconstructing the joint photon-number distribution of a twin beam from the experimental photocount histograms. This considerably reduces experimental noise, making it superior to the usual methods. This practical reconstruction method for spatially resolved photon counting is suitable for any application that requires joint photon-number distributions of twin beams, in $e.g.$ metrology, or future quantum communication protocols.

DOI
10.1103/physrevapplied.10.064054

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Photons in twin beams exhibit correlations in both photon number and spatial detection position. Here spatial correlations in detection positions are exploited to develop a method for reconstructing the joint photon-number distribution of a twin beam from the experimental photocount histograms. This considerably reduces experimental noise, making it superior to the usual methods. This practical reconstruction method for spatially resolved photon counting is suitable for any application that requires joint photon-number distributions of twin beams, in e.g.e.g.e.g. metrology, or future quantum communication protocols.
Sometimes you need a steady drip, not a torrent---as in certain optics experiments, where the precise number of photons in each ``drip'' of a faint beam is important. The authors use an intensified charge-coupled device as a photon-number-resolving detector with spatial resolution, to study at once the joint photocount distributions and spatial correlations of weak twin beams of light. Compared to the usual analysis of photocount distributions, their spatially resolved analysis provides additional information about the statistical properties of the beams, and allows noise reduction.
States obtained from multimode twin beams by symmetric as well as asymmetric photon subtraction are experimentally investigated. Using the joint photocount distributions measured by an intensified CCD camera, their joint photon-number distributions are reconstructed. Mean photon numbers, Fano factors, and noise-reduction parameters are determined for the group of states reached by subtracting up to four photocounts in each beam. Photon subtraction is monitored using the nonclassicality depths and joint quasidistributions of integrated intensities of the emerging states. The non-Gaussianity of the obtained states is also determined. The states reached by coherent photon subtraction are also analyzed. The investigations represent an important step towards the use of photon-subtracted twin beams in sub-shot-noise metrology and imaging. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
Photon-number-resolved post-selection on one beam out of a correlated system of three beams with bi-partite photon-number correlations gives rise to joint photon-number distributions with the probabilities forming checkered patterns. These patterns originate in the convolution of two constituting photon-number distributions, one endowed with correlations in photon numbers, the other exhibiting anti-correlations in photon-number fluctuations. Using three twin beams of comparable intensity whose constituting beams suitably overlap on the photocathode of a photon-number-resolving iCCD camera, we experimentally as well as theoretically analyze the properties of such states as they change with the varying ratio of the correlated and anti-correlated contributions. The experimental photocount 2D histograms of the fields post-selected by the iCCD camera that are reconstructed by the maximum-likelihood approach confirm their non-classicality though the limited detection efficiency in post-selection conceals the checkered patterns. Contrary to this, the maximum-likelihood reconstruction of the experimental 3D photocount histogram similarly as a suitable 3D Gaussian fit, that reveal the states as they would be obtained by ideal post-selection, provide the photon-number distributions with the checkered patterns. The corresponding quasi-distributions of integrated intensities are determined. Nonclassical properties of the generated states are investigated using suitable non-classicality criteria and the corresponding non-classicality depths. These states with their correlations of varying intensity are prospective for two-photon excitations of atoms and molecules as well as two-photon spectroscopy.
Spatially-resolved photon counting of a twin beam performed by an iCCD camera allows for versatile tailoring of the properties of the beams formed by parts of the original twin beam. Dividing the idler beam of the twin beam into three equally intense parts and post-selecting by detecting a given number of photocounts in the whole signal beam we arrive at the idler fields exhibiting high degrees of nonclassicality and being endowed with tripartite quantum correlations. Nonclassicality is analyzed with the help of suitable nonclassicality witnesses and their corresponding nonclassicality depths. Suitable parameters are introduced to quantify quantum correlations. These parameters are analyzed as they depend on the field intensity. The experimental photocount histograms are reconstructed by the maximum-likelihood approach and the obtained photon-number distributions are compared with a suitable model in which the original twin beam is approximated by an appropriate multi-mode Gaussian field and undergoes the corresponding beams’ transformations.
Spatially-resolved photon counting of a twin beam performed by an iCCD camera allows for versatile tailoring the properties of the beams formed by parts of the original twin beam. Dividing the idler beam of the twin beam into three equally-intense parts and post-selecting by detecting a given number of photocounts in the whole signal beam we arrive at the idler fields exhibiting high degrees of nonclassicality and being endowed with tripartite quantum correlations. Nonclassicality is analyzed with the help of suitable nonclassicality witnesses and their corresponding nonclassicality depths. Suitable parameters are introduced to quantify quantum correlations. These parameters are analyzed as they depend on the field intensity. The experimental photocount histograms are reconstructed by the maximum-likelihood approach and the obtained photon-number distributions are compared with a suitable model in which the original twin beam is approximated by an appropriate multi-mode Gaussian field and undergoes the corresponding beams' transformations.