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arXiv:1809.09835 · Physical Review A

Deterministic generation of hybrid high- N NOON states with Rydberg atoms trapped in microwave cavities

Naeimeh Mohseni, Shahpoor Saeidian, Jonathan P. Dowling, Carlos Navarrete–Benlloch

Published Jan 8, 2020• 18 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Trapped atoms are among the most promising platforms for quantum technologies. They play a remarkable role in quantum simulation as well as high-precision quantum metrology, which exploits the quantum coherence of a single electronic or motional degree of freedom of an atom or an ensemble. However, future high-precision quantum metrology will require the use of entangled states of several degrees of freedom. Here we propose a protocol capable of generating high-$N$ NOON states where the entanglement is shared between the motion of a trapped atom and an electromagnetic cavity mode, a so-called ``hybrid'' configuration. We explore the feasibility of the proposal in a platform consisting of an optically trapped neutral atom excited to its circular-Rydberg-state manifold, coupled to the modes of a high-$Q$ microwave cavity. This compact hybrid architecture has the advantage that it can couple to signals of very different nature, which modify either the atom's motion or the cavity modes. Moreover, the exact same setup can be used right after the state-preparation phase to implement the interferometer required for quantum metrology.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.101.013804

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Trapped atoms are among the most promising platforms for quantum technologies. They play a remarkable role in quantum simulation as well as high-precision quantum metrology, which exploits the quantum coherence of a single electronic or motional degree of freedom of an atom or an ensemble. However, future high-precision quantum metrology will require the use of entangled states of several degrees of freedom. Here we propose a protocol capable of generating high-NNN NOON states where the entanglement is shared between the motion of a trapped atom and an electromagnetic cavity mode, a so-called ``hybrid'' configuration. We explore the feasibility of the proposal in a platform consisting of an optically trapped neutral atom excited to its circular-Rydberg-state manifold, coupled to the modes of a high-QQQ microwave cavity. This compact hybrid architecture has the advantage that it can couple to signals of very different nature, which modify either the atom's motion or the cavity modes. Moreover, the exact same setup can be used right after the state-preparation phase to implement the interferometer required for quantum metrology.
Neutral atoms provide an excellent resource for quantum information processing, combining the long atomic coherence times of the hyperfine ground-state with strong dipole-dipole interactions of highly excited Rydberg states for generating deterministic entanglement between qubits separated by < 10 µm [1]. Scalable long-range interactions can be obtained by coupling the atomic array to a superconducting microwave cavity enabling hybrid quantum information processing where the cavity-mediated entanglement allows atoms to be coupled over cm length scales. We present the first steps towards such an experiment incorporating high fidelity readout using an sCMOS camera [2] and the ability to drive fast, optically addressable rotations of the hyperfine-encoded qubits to the Rydberg state. Using our sub-kHz cavitystabilised laser system [3] we demonstrate coherent control of single Rydberg atoms, performing Ramsey spectroscopy to determine coherence time and to generate entanglement between a pair of atoms separated by 6 µm. Combining this excitation scheme with our ground-state Raman lasers we show progress towards the implementation of a mesoscopic Rydberg gate based on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) offering robust entanglement of multi-atom ensembles [4].
Scalable quantum computers and quantum networks require the combination of quantum processing nodes with efficient light-matter interfaces to distribute quantum information in local or long-distance quantum networks. Neutral-atom arrays have both been coupled to Rydberg states to enable high-fidelity quantum gates in universal processing architectures, and to optical cavities to realize interfaces to photons. However, combining these two capabilities and coupling atom arrays to highly excited Rydberg states in the mode of an optical cavity has been an outstanding challenge. Here we present a novel cavity-coupled Rydberg array that achieves this long-standing goal. We prepare, detect, and control individual atoms in a scalable optical tweezer array, couple them strongly to the optical mode of a high-finesse optical cavity and excite them in a controlled way to Rydberg states. We show that high-cooperativity coupling to an optical cavity -- demonstrated via the dispersive shift of the resonance of the cavity in presence of the atoms -- and strong Rydberg interactions -- demonstrated via the collective enhancement of Rydberg coupling in the atomic array -- can be achieved in our setup at the same spatial location. Our presented experimental platform opens the path to several new directions, including the realization of quantum network nodes, quantum simulation of long-range interacting, open quantum systems and photonic-state engineering leveraging high-fidelity Rydberg control.
We propose a novel scheme for the efficient production of entangled states for N photons of the form |N>(a)|0>(b) + |0>(a)|N>(b) (NOON states) based on the resonant interaction of a pair of quantized cavity modes with an ensemble of atoms. We show that, in the strong-coupling regime, the adiabatic evolution of the system tends to a limiting state that describes mesoscopic entanglement between photons and atoms which can easily be converted to a purely photonic or atomic NOON state. We also demonstrate the remarkable property that the efficiency of this scheme increases exponentially with the cavity cooperativity factor, which gives efficient access to high number NOON states. The experimental feasibility of the scheme is discussed, and its efficiency is demonstrated numerically.
Neutral atom arrays have rapidly emerged as a leading platform for quantum computing, boasting scalable, configurable arrays of single atoms trapped in optical tweezers, fast, high-fidelity entangling gates through Rydberg interactions, and programmable, parallelized control of qubit operations. Coupling an atom array to an optical cavity opens a new frontier. Leveraging enhanced light-atom interactions in cavity quantum electrodynamics, cavity- coupled atom arrays acquire capabilities that can further expand the neutral atom toolbox, including cavity-enhanced atom readouts, atom-photon entanglement, and photon-mediated interactions between distant atoms. This thesis presents a quantum hardware platform that integrates an array of neutral atoms with a high-finesse optical cavity. After describing the design and development of the experimental apparatus, I demonstrate high-fidelity atom state readout through the cavity, achieving improved speed and atom survival compared to conventional free-space imaging methods. I then introduce a new technique for selectively controlling atom-cavity coupling on arbitrary subsets of the array, using local AC Stark shifts on the excited states of the atoms. Building on these tools, I demonstrate fast, non-destructive cavity-based readout of atom arrays, a crucial bottleneck of atom array platforms. I also showcase real-time measurement and feedback capabilities with a demonstration of classical error correction, using a register of atomic bits. Finally, I describe progress toward implementing single- and two-qubit gates within the cavity-coupled system. By combining coherent control, tunable interactions, and high-fidelity, non-destructive readout integrated and real-time feedback, the cavity-coupled Rydberg atom array offers a promising path toward fault-tolerant quantum computing.
Typically, multipartite entangled coherent states are difficult to be extended and produced without measurement. We here propose a way to deterministically generate a GHZ (Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger)-type entangled coherent state of cavities, utilizing a system consisting of a single superconducting qutrit (i.e., a three-level quantum system) and multiple microwave cavities. Due to the use of only a coupler qutrit, the architecture of the circuit system is quite simple. More importantly, our proposal does not require measurement on the state of qutrit compared with the previous proposals. Since the qutrit's third energy level is not populated during the operation, decoherence from the higher energy level is greatly minimized. Furthermore, the entire operation time is independent of the number of microwave cavities. As an example, our numerical simulations show that high-fidelity generation of a three-cavity GHZ-type entangled coherent state is feasible with present circuit quantum electrodynamics technology. This proposal is universal and can be applied to other physical systems, such as microwave or optical cavities, which are coupled to a single natural or artificial three-level atom.