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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

Deterministic entanglement between three quantum systems in cavity quantum electrodynamics

Arno Rauschenbeutel, Gilles Nogues, S. Osnaghi, Patrice Bertet, M. Brune, J. M. Raimond, S. Haroche

Published Jan 1, 2000• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Summary form only given. We have generated and tested entanglement between the electronic states of two circular Rydberg atoms and a zero or one photon field stored in a high finesse superconducting microwave resonator. The preparation scheme uses the strong resonant coupling between the atoms and a single field mode of the resonator. This coupling results in a reversible and cyclic energy exchange between the cavity field and the atoms (Rabi oscillations).

DOI
10.1109/iqec.2000.907753

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Summary form only given. We have generated and tested entanglement between the electronic states of two circular Rydberg atoms and a zero or one photon field stored in a high finesse superconducting microwave resonator. The preparation scheme uses the strong resonant coupling between the atoms and a single field mode of the resonator. This coupling results in a reversible and cyclic energy exchange between the cavity field and the atoms (Rabi oscillations).
Summary form only given. We have prepared a single-photon entangled state involving two field modes of a high finesse microwave superconducting cavity, and we have probed its coherence after storing it for a variable time in the cavity. We use the resonant interaction between circular Rydberg atoms and the field. This coupling is stronger than any dissipation rate so that the energy exchange between the atoms and the cavity is periodic (Rabi oscillation). A first atom prepares the entangled field state (writer atom) and a second one probes its coherence (reader atom).
Summary form only given. The preparation of simple entangled quantum systems and the demonstration of their nonclassical properties has been a challenging goal since the early days of quantum mechanics and the famous Einstein Poldolsky Rosen (ERR) paper. Using circular Rydberg atoms strongly interacting with a zero or one-photon field stored in a microwave superconducting cavity, we have been able to prepare a new kind of EPR pair involving two entangled massive particles. The entanglement originates from the Rabi oscillation of a single excited atom emitting a photon in an initially empty cavity on a transition between two adjacent Rydberg levels.
We have performed multiparticle entanglement experiments with circular Rydberg atoms crossing one at a time a high Q superconducting microwave cavity. Two-level atoms and a zero or one photon field stored in the cavity act as qubits carrying quantum information. Controlled qubit entanglement is produced by the quantum Rabi oscillation coupling the atom to the cavity field. Qubit state superpositions are produced and analyzed by classical microwave pulses before and after the atom cross the high Q cavity, using a Ramsey interferometer arrangement. We have demonstrated the coherent operation of a quantum phase gate and used it to perform for the first time a quantum nondestructive measurement of a single photon. Combining this gate with quantum Rabi oscillations of various durations, we have entangled step by step three subsystems—two atom and one field mode—by a controlled succession of one and two qubit operations. Once some limitations of our experiment are overcome, it will be generalized to larger number of particles, opening the way to the study of even more complex entangled states.
Quantum Rabi oscillation in cavity quantum electrodynamics is at the very heart of the interaction of an atomic system with a single electromagnetic field in a resonator. It has proved a powerful tool to entangle the atom with the field in the case of an empty cavity (vacuum Rabi oscillation). On the other side, as soon as the field is macroscopic, its state seems unaffected and one observes the well-known phenomenon of classical Rabi oscillation which only affects the atomic populations. We propose to experimentally investigate the frontier between those two behaviours, when one has to take into account the fluctations of the photon number. In order to do so, we let interact circular Rydberg atoms with a microwave resonator in which a mesocopic field is injected (a few tens of photons). We observe a strong correlation between specific atomic states and the phase of the injected field, which is measured by a homodyne technique. Those correlations explain in an easy way all the standard features of quantum Rabi oscillations (especially the collapses and revivals). Moreover they allow for the preparation of atom-field entangled state as well as non classical Schroedinger cat like states for the field.
This chapter discusses the experimental methods developed in the field of cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED). Section 5.1 presents a short history of CQED. Section 5.2 describes the circular Rydberg atoms and the superconducting cavities that are the two ‘partners’ in these experiments, and analyses the coupling between them. As first examples, Section 5.3 presents two basic experiments unveiling in a dramatic way the quantumness of the atom-field system. Section 5.4 describes entanglement procedures in CQED, showing how the resonant Rabi oscillation is used to entangle one atom and the field, two atoms, or two field modes. The chapter concludes by describing non-resonant atom-cavity experiments that provide an alternative recipe for atom-atom entanglement.
We perform experiments with Rydberg atoms crossing one at a time a superconducting cavity containing a few microwave photons. The coupling between the atoms and the cavity field is either resonant or dispersive. In the resonant case, quantum Rabi oscillations induced by the vacuum or by a small coherent field are observed. These signals reveals in a striking way the quantization of the field. Quantum Rabi oscillations are also used to prepare Fock states of radiation, to transfer information or to produce entanglement between two successive atoms crossing the cavity. Dispersive atom–field coupling is used to prepare and probe coherent superpositions of field states with different phases (Schrödinger's cat states). The progressive decoherence of these states is observed. These experiments constitute fundamental tests of quantum theory and shed light on the transition from quantum to classical in mesoscopic systems.