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Oxford University Press eBooks

Photons in a box

S. Haroche, J. M. Raimond

Published Aug 10, 2006• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This chapter discusses the experimental methods developed in the field of cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED). Section 5.1 presents a short history of CQED. Section 5.2 describes the circular Rydberg atoms and the superconducting cavities that are the two ‘partners’ in these experiments, and analyses the coupling between them. As first examples, Section 5.3 presents two basic experiments unveiling in a dramatic way the quantumness of the atom-field system. Section 5.4 describes entanglement procedures in CQED, showing how the resonant Rabi oscillation is used to entangle one atom and the field, two atoms, or two field modes. The chapter concludes by describing non-resonant atom-cavity experiments that provide an alternative recipe for atom-atom entanglement.

DOI
10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198509141.003.0005

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Cambridge University Press eBooks•Oct 28, 2004•0 citations
This chapter discusses the experimental methods developed in the field of cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED). Section 5.1 presents a short history of CQED. Section 5.2 describes the circular Rydberg atoms and the superconducting cavities that are the two ‘partners’ in these experiments, and analyses the coupling between them. As first examples, Section 5.3 presents two basic experiments unveiling in a dramatic way the quantumness of the atom-field system. Section 5.4 describes entanglement procedures in CQED, showing how the resonant Rabi oscillation is used to entangle one atom and the field, two atoms, or two field modes. The chapter concludes by describing non-resonant atom-cavity experiments that provide an alternative recipe for atom-atom entanglement.
We have performed multiparticle entanglement experiments with circular Rydberg atoms crossing one at a time a high Q superconducting microwave cavity. Two-level atoms and a zero or one photon field stored in the cavity act as qubits carrying quantum information. Controlled qubit entanglement is produced by the quantum Rabi oscillation coupling the atom to the cavity field. Qubit state superpositions are produced and analyzed by classical microwave pulses before and after the atom cross the high Q cavity, using a Ramsey interferometer arrangement. We have demonstrated the coherent operation of a quantum phase gate and used it to perform for the first time a quantum nondestructive measurement of a single photon. Combining this gate with quantum Rabi oscillations of various durations, we have entangled step by step three subsystems—two atom and one field mode—by a controlled succession of one and two qubit operations. Once some limitations of our experiment are overcome, it will be generalized to larger number of particles, opening the way to the study of even more complex entangled states.
Summary form only given. We have prepared a single-photon entangled state involving two field modes of a high finesse microwave superconducting cavity, and we have probed its coherence after storing it for a variable time in the cavity. We use the resonant interaction between circular Rydberg atoms and the field. This coupling is stronger than any dissipation rate so that the energy exchange between the atoms and the cavity is periodic (Rabi oscillation). A first atom prepares the entangled field state (writer atom) and a second one probes its coherence (reader atom).
We perform experiments with Rydberg atoms crossing one at a time a superconducting cavity containing a few microwave photons. The coupling between the atoms and the cavity field is either resonant or dispersive. In the resonant case, quantum Rabi oscillations induced by the vacuum or by a small coherent field are observed. These signals reveals in a striking way the quantization of the field. Quantum Rabi oscillations are also used to prepare Fock states of radiation, to transfer information or to produce entanglement between two successive atoms crossing the cavity. Dispersive atom–field coupling is used to prepare and probe coherent superpositions of field states with different phases (Schrödinger's cat states). The progressive decoherence of these states is observed. These experiments constitute fundamental tests of quantum theory and shed light on the transition from quantum to classical in mesoscopic systems.
Matter-field interaction finds its simplest implementation in Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics (CQED). A single two-level atom is coupled to a few photons stored in a single mode of a high-quality resonator. In the strong-coupling regime, the coherent atom-field interaction overwhelms dissipative processes. This situation illustrates the basic quantum postulates. It is also ideal for the exploration of the quantum-classical boundary and for the realization of quantum information protocols. We briefly describe the general frame of CQED. We illustrate its fundamental interest by discussing two recent experiments, performed with circular Rydberg atoms and superconducting millimeter-wave cavities.
In this chapter, we discuss two more experimental realizations of quantum optical phenomena, namely the interaction of an effective two-level atom with a quantized electromagnetic field in a high Q microwave cavity, the subject usually referred to as cavity QED, or sometimes CQED, and in the quantized motion of a trapped ion. Strictly speaking, these experiments are not optical, but they do realize interactions of exactly the type that are of interest in quantum optics, namely the Jaynes–Cummings interaction between a two-level system (an atom) and a bosonic degree of freedom, a single-mode cavity field in the case of a microwave cavity, and a vibrational mode of the center-of-mass motion of a trapped ion, the quanta being phonons in this case. We shall begin with a description of the useful properties of the so-called Rydberg atoms that are used in the microwave CQED experiments, proceed to discuss some general considerations of the radiative behavior of atoms in cavities, the CQED realization of the Jaynes–Cummings model, and then discuss the use of the dispersive, highly off-resonant, version of the model to generate superpositions of coherent states, i.e. the Schrödinger cat states of the type discussed in Chapters 7 and 9 for traveling wave optical fields but this time for a microwave cavity field. Finally, we discuss the realization of the Jaynes–Cummings interaction in the vibrational motion of a trapped ion.