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arXiv:1807.08100 · Physical review. B./Physical review. B

Temperature drift rate for nuclear terms of the NV-center ground-state Hamiltonian

Vladimir V. Soshenko, Vadim Vorobyov, Stepan V. Bolshedvorskii, Olga R. Rubinas, I. S. Cojocaru, Boris A. Kudlatsky, Anton I. Zeleneev, Vadim N. Sorokin, Andrey N. Smolyaninov, Alexey V. Akimov

Published Sep 18, 2020• 20 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond has been found to be a powerful tool for various sensing applications. In particular, in ensemble-based sensors, the main ``workhorse'' so far has been optically detected electron resonance. Utilization of the nuclear spin has the potential to significantly improve sensitivity in rotation and magnetic field sensors. Ensemble-based sensors consume a substantial amount of power, leading to noticeable heating of the diamond and thus requiring an understanding of temperature-related shifts. In this paper, we provide a detailed study of the temperature shift of the hyperfine components of the NV center.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.102.125133

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The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond has been found to be a powerful tool for various sensing applications. In particular, in ensemble-based sensors, the main ``workhorse'' so far has been optically detected electron resonance. Utilization of the nuclear spin has the potential to significantly improve sensitivity in rotation and magnetic field sensors. Ensemble-based sensors consume a substantial amount of power, leading to noticeable heating of the diamond and thus requiring an understanding of temperature-related shifts. In this paper, we provide a detailed study of the temperature shift of the hyperfine components of the NV center.
Among quantum sensors, the single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect in diamond has the highest sensitivity-to-size factor. For instance, a single-NV spin when used as a magnetometer could achieve sensitivities of the order of nT/Hz, while the dimensions of the sensor are merely atomic in size. The sensitivity is limited only by the photon shot noise. One method to boost the magnetometer sensitivity to pico-tesla scales is to use many NV defect centers as an ensemble sensor [Phys. Rev. X5, 041001 (2015)PRXHAE2160-330810.1103/PhysRevX.5.041001]. However, during the absorption-emission (fluorescence) optical cycles, the NV centers transfer a portion of the irradiation laser energy into phonons and heat the diamond matrix. This results in unintended fluorescence decrease, spin resonance lines shifts, and fluctuations. Hence, the advantages gained by packing a high density of NV centers are significantly reduced. Here we investigate the heat generation of ensemble NV centers in micrometer-sized diamond under 532 nm laser irradiation and its effects pertaining to sensing applications. These investigations help us to find strategies that mitigate the detrimental effects of heating and yet permits the use of ensemble NV defects for improved metrology applications.
Quantum sensors utilize quantized energy levels, quan- tum superposition states, and eventually quantum entan- glement, which are also key elements in quantum comput- ing. Electronic and nuclear spins in semiconductors may serve as quantum sensing elements or qubits. The phos- phorus donor in silicon is an ideal qubit in terms of coherence time because of highest chemical purity of host material with isotopic 28Si enrichment and a very low den- sity of structural defects. However, it requires a cryogenic temperature to avoid ionization of the donor. In contrast in diamond, due to the wide band gap, the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center exhibits optical initialization and readout of its spin state and a long coherence time even above room temperature, promoting its research and development as quantum sensors or qubits. Nevertheless, the syn- thesized diamond crystals with NV centers are not so per- fect as silicon. Therefore, the host material characteriza- tion is essential to improve the bulk-ensemble sensi- tivity to the magnetic field. The present study shows how to measure the spin properties of the diamond as a sens- ing host via the NV centers themselves and how to utilize such information to improve the sensor performance.
This thesis investigates the theoretical foundations, material properties, and experimental realization of quantum sensors based on the Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, a solid-state system that combines quantum coherence with room-temperature operability. The first chapter introduces the principles of quantum sensing, outlining the fundamental definitions, operating protocols, and physical processes underlying the quantum measurement paradigm. Emphasis is placed on the quantum sensing Hamiltonian and the distinction between various classes of quantum sensors. The second chapter focuses on diamond as a host material and on the NV center as a quantum defect. The electronic structure, optical transitions, and spin properties of the NV center are analyzed in detail. Several techniques of NV-based magnetometry are presented, including continuouswave and pulsed optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR). The discussion also addresses coherence times (T1, T2, and T∗2 ) and methods of diamond synthesis together with NV-center generation through irradiation and annealing. Chapter three develops the physical theory describing the NV center. The Hamiltonian formalism includes spin-spin, hyperfine, and quadrupolar interactions, as well as couplings to external magnetic fields. The chapter further introduces the Bloch sphere representation, magnetic resonance phenomena, and models of lightmatter interaction, ranging from the semiclassical to the fully quantum Rabi framework. A seven-level rate-equation model is proposed to capture the spin dynamics and optical cycling processes of the NV center. The fourth chapter reports the experimental results. After describing materials and methods, several ODMR-based vector magnetometry experiments are presented, highlighting different spectral regimes and the dependence of resonance features on the external magnetic field geometry. Additional studies demonstrate temperature sensing and microwave-free magnetometry techniques for mapping magnetic field distributions. Sensitivity analysis and calibration procedures are also discussed.
Nuclear spin ensembles in diamond are promising candidates for quantum sensing applications, including rotation sensing. Here we perform a characterization of the optically detected nuclear-spin transitions associated with the 14N nuclear spin within diamond nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers. We observe nuclear-spin-dependent fluorescence with the contrast of optically detected 14N nuclear Rabi oscillations comparable to that of the NV electron spin. Using Ramsey spectroscopy, we investigate the temperature and magnetic-field dependence of the nuclear spin transitions in the 77.5-420 K and 350-675 G range, respectively. The nuclear quadrupole coupling constant Q was found to vary with temperature T yielding d|Q|/dT=-35.0(2) Hz/K at T=297 K. The temperature and magnetic field dependencies reported here are important for quantum sensing applications such as rotation sensing and potentially for applications in quantum information processing.
Nitrogen Vacancy (NV) centers are point defects in diamond that allow magnetic field sensing based on Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance (ODMR). They are processed in ultrapure single-domain CVD grown diamond crystals and can be operated at room temperature. This results in solid-state sensors with a wide variety of applications. Ensemble of NV centers can be used to perform wide-field magnetic imaging with sensitivity in the nT range. Single NV centers can also be processed, which allows sensing at the atomic scale. This possibility, combined with its unique coherence properties, make NV center an ideal candidate for quantum sensing.
Abstract Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center ensembles in diamond are one of the most promising solid-state quantum platforms for various sensing applications. Achieving ultimate sensitivity requires simultaneously long spin dephasing times ( T2∗{T}_{2}^{* }T2∗​ T 2 * ) and high NV center concentrations. In this work, we propose a systematic measurement approach to quantify the electron spin dephasing in NV center ensembles and analyze the contributions of various sources to the dephasing time, including NV-NV interactions, strain and electric field distributions, 13 C nuclear spins, and P1 electron spins. Our method is validated using a series of high-performance diamond samples, providing a comprehensive understanding of dephasing mechanisms and revealing correlations between NV concentration and different dephasing sources. Building on these insights, we outline strategies to further enhance the achievable sensitivity for DC magnetic field measurements.