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arXiv:1807.06619 · Physical review. B./Physical review. B

Giant spin Meissner effect in a nonequilibrium exciton-polariton gas

Mateusz Król, Rafał Mirek, D. Stephan, K. Lekenta, J.-G. Rousset, W. Pacuski, Alexey Vitalievich Kavokin, Michał Matuszewski, Jacek Szczytko, Barbara Piętka

Published Mar 28, 2019• 24 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The suppression of Zeeman energy splitting due to spin-dependent interactions (the spin Meissner effect) was predicted to occur within a Bose-Einstein condensate. We report a clear observation of this effect in semimagnetic microcavities which exhibit a giant Zeeman energy splitting between two spin-polarized polariton states as high as 2 meV and demonstrate that a partial suppression of the energy difference occurs already in the uncondensed phase in a striking similarity to the behavior of up-critical superconductors in the fluctuation-dominated regime. These observations are explained quantitatively by a kinetic model accounting for both the condensed and uncondensed polaritons and taking into account the nonequilibrium character of the system.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.99.115318

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The suppression of Zeeman energy splitting due to spin-dependent interactions (the spin Meissner effect) was predicted to occur within a Bose-Einstein condensate. We report a clear observation of this effect in semimagnetic microcavities which exhibit a giant Zeeman energy splitting between two spin-polarized polariton states as high as 2 meV and demonstrate that a partial suppression of the energy difference occurs already in the uncondensed phase in a striking similarity to the behavior of up-critical superconductors in the fluctuation-dominated regime. These observations are explained quantitatively by a kinetic model accounting for both the condensed and uncondensed polaritons and taking into account the nonequilibrium character of the system.
The effect of a magnetic field on a spinor exciton-polariton condensate has been investigated. A quenching of a polariton Zeeman splitting and an elliptical polarization of the condensate have been observed at low magnetic fields B<2 T. The effects are attributed to a competition between the magnetic field induced circular polarization buildup and the spin-anisotropic polariton-polariton interaction which favors a linear polarization. The sign of the circular polarization of the condensate emission at B<3 T is negative, suggesting that a dynamic condensation in the excited spin state rather than the ground spin state takes place in this magnetic field range. From about 2T on, the Zeeman splitting opens and from then on the slope of the circular polarization degree changes its sign. For magnetic fields larger than the 3 T, the upper spin state occupation is energetically suppressed and circularly polarized condensation takes place in the ground state.
Abstract A complete-nonequilibrium model is proposed to investigate spinor exciton-polariton condensates (SEPCs) in a magnetic field. Due to the Zeeman splitting (ZS), the loss rates of two spin components in a magnetic field are distinct and affected by the magnetic field. Therefore, the individual spin component of a SEPC has its own threshold pump power. We investigate the ZS and degree of circular polarization of the SEPC as a function of the excitation power and magnetic field. Above both spin-dependent threshold pump powers, we find an increasing degree of circular polarization with the magnetic field and a quenching of the ZS below a critical strength of the magnetic field. The ZS of a SEPC shows a reverse sign and its magnitude is increasing significantly compared to the uncondensed exciton-polartion ZS. The effect of a magnetic field on excitation spectra of SEPCs are also investigated. We find that the excitation dispersions are Bogoliubov excitations if the pump power is low. The nonequilibrium fluctuations in a SEPC are reduced when a magnetic field is applied.
We theoretically investigate the interplay between Zeeman splitting and TE-TM-induced spin-flip tunneling in coupled exciton-polariton condensates systems and its impact on the spin-Meissner effect. We demonstrate that although a single condensate exhibits the effect of full paramagnetic screening via spin-anisotropic interactions, the inter-site spin-flip tunneling can dramatically alter this behavior. The geometry of the system is shown to play a crucial role. In particular, in a dyad, the chemical potential reveals quadratic scaling with the magnetic field. In a triangle, the competition between Zeeman and TE-TM splittings produces a rich phase diagram that features asymmetric polarization states corresponding to both positive and negative magnetic susceptibility. In a square configuration, the symmetry of the network can restore the spin-Meissner effect, so that the condensate emission frequency becomes magnetic field independent in an extended parameter range. These findings not only shed light on the fundamental physics of polariton lattices but also suggest promising avenues for engineering robust spin-controlled photonic devices and polaritonic simulators.
We adopt a kinetic theory of polariton non-equilibrium Bose-Einstein condensation, to describe the formation of off-diagonal long-range order. The theory accounts properly for the dominant role of quantum fluctuations in the condensate. In realistic situations with optical excitation at high energy, it predicts a significant depletion of the condensate caused by long-wavelength fluctuations. As a consequence, the one-body density matrix in space displays a partially suppressed long-range order and a pronounced dependence on the finite size of the system.
Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) is a thermodynamic phase transition of an interacting Bose gas. Its key signatures are remarkable quantum effects like superfluidity and a phonon-like Bogoliubov excitation spectrum, which have been verified for atomic BECs. In the solid state, BEC of exciton-polaritons has been reported. Polaritons are strongly coupled light-matter quasiparticles in semiconductor microcavities and composite bosons. However, they are subject to dephasing and decay and need external pumping to reach a steady state. Accordingly the polariton BEC is a nonequilibrium process of a degenerate polariton gas in self-equilibrium, but out of equilibrium with the baths it is coupled to and therefore deviates from the thermodynamic phase transition seen in atomic BECs. Here we show that key signatures of BEC can even be observed without fulfilling the self-equilibrium condition in a highly photonic quantum degenerate nonequilibrium system.