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arXiv:1612.06075 · Physical Review X

Non-Fermi Liquid at ( 2 + 1 ) D Ferromagnetic Quantum Critical Point

Xiao Yan Xu, Kai Sun, Yoni Schattner, Erez Berg, Zi Yang Meng

Published Sep 27, 2017• 76 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The behavior of electrons near quantum critical points, such as magnetic phase transitions at temperatures approaching absolute zero, are of vital interest but are extremely challenging to understand. New computer simulations solve this problem, exactly, for one example of these strange metals and reveal a new type of quantum critical point.

DOI
10.1103/physrevx.7.031058

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The behavior of electrons near quantum critical points, such as magnetic phase transitions at temperatures approaching absolute zero, are of vital interest but are extremely challenging to understand. New computer simulations solve this problem, exactly, for one example of these strange metals and reveal a new type of quantum critical point.
Metallic quantum critical phenomena are believed to play a key role in many strongly correlated materials, including high-temperature superconductors. Theoretically, the problem of quantum criticality in the presence of a Fermi surface has proven to be highly challenging. However, it has recently been realized that many models used to describe such systems are amenable to numerically exact solution by quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) techniques, without suffering from the fermion sign problem. In this review, we examine the status of the understanding of metallic quantum criticality and the recent progress made by QMC simulations. We focus on the cases of spin-density wave and Ising nematic criticality. We describe the results obtained so far and their implications for superconductivity, non-Fermi liquid behavior, and transport near metallic quantum critical points. Some of the outstanding puzzles and future directions are highlighted.
This article is aimed at a pedagogical introduction to the physics of quantum phase transitions that is unique to metallic systems. It has been recognized for some time that quantum criticality can result in a breakdown of Landau's Fermi liquid theory. Its converse, however, has not been appreciated until very recently: non-Fermi liquid behavior can in turn lead to new classes of quantum phase transition. A concrete example is provided by ``local quantum critical points''. I summarize the theoretical reasoning and experimental evidence for local quantum criticality, in the context of heavy fermion metals. The underlying physics is likely to be relevant to other correlated electron systems including doped Mott insulators.
The experimental discovery of a number of 'strange metals' has reopened the question of the low temperature behavior of interacting Fermi systems. Here we provide a subjective overview of some aspects of the resulting theoretical work. It seems to us that from a theoretical standpoint Landau's Fermi-liquid theory has proven to be a remarkably robust description of clean Fermi systems. The only well documented theoretical examples of non-Fermi-liquid behavior are metals subject to gauge interactions or at quantum critical points. The experimental anomalies which prompted the reexamination of Fermi-liquid theory remain in many cases mysterious.
The study of the Hubbard model in three dimensions contains a variety of phases dependent upon the chosen parameters. This thesis shows that there is the indication of a zero temperature phase transition at a finite doping. The Hubbard model has been used to identify a similar quantum critical point in two dimensions. The presented results continue these investigations. The system demonstrates a strange metal phase at finite temperature which cannot be described in term of the conventional Fermi liquid. While there have been extensive studies over the past three decades for such materials in two dimensions, there are few numerical studies in three dimensions. This study strives to identify the existence of the strange metal beyond two dimensions. In this work we present numerical results based on the dynamical cluster approximation to demonstrate the existence of a strange metal phase in three dimensions.
Discontinuous quantum phase transitions besides their general interest are clearly relevant to the study of heavy fermions and magnetic transition metal compounds. Recent results show that in many systems belonging to these classes of materials the magnetic transition changes from second order to first order as they approach the quantum critical point (QCP). We investigate here some mechanisms that may be responsible for this change, specifically the coupling of the order parameter to soft modes and the competition between different types of order near the QCP. For weak first order quantum phase transitions general results are obtained. In particular, we describe the thermodynamic behaviour at this transition when it is approached from finite temperatures. This is the discontinuous equivalent of the non-Fermi-liquid trajectory close to a conventional QCP in a heavy-fermion material.
Quantum phase transitions of metals involve changes in the Fermi surface, and can be divided into three categories. The first two categories involve symmetry breaking, and lead to a deformation or reconstruction of the Fermi surface. The third category involves a change in the volume enclosed by the Fermi surface without any symmetry breaking: one phase is a Fermi liquid (FL) with the conventional Luttinger volume, while the other phase is a `fractionalized Fermi liquid' (FL*), which has a non-Luttinger volume Fermi surface accompanied by a spin liquid with fractionalized excitations. It is a relatively simple matter to obtain a FL*-FL transition in Kondo lattice models. However, the FL*-FL transition can also be present in single-band Hubbard-like models: this is efficiently described by the `ancilla' method, which shows that the transition is a `flipped' Kondo lattice transition. This single-band FL*-FL transition is argued to apply to the metallic states of the hole-doped cuprates. In the clean limit, the critical properties of the quantum transitions in the three categories are distinct, but all lead to perfect metal transport in the quantum-critical regime. Impurity-induced `Harris disorder', with spatial fluctuations in the local position of the quantum critical point, is a relevant perturbation to the clean critical points. In the presence of Harris disorder, all three categories exhibit strange metal behavior, which can be described by a universal two-dimensional Yukawa-Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model.