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arXiv:1612.03996 · Physical Review A

Continuous-variable entanglement generation using a hybrid PT -symmetric system

Saeid Vashahri-Ghamsari, Bing He, Min Xiao

Published Sep 5, 2017• 21 citations
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Abstract

We study a system of two coupled waveguides respectively carrying optical damping and optical gain in addition to squeezing elements in one or both waveguides. Such a system is expected to generate highly entangled light fields in the two waveguides. Especially, if the light fields are strong enough, a macroscopic, continuous-variable entanglement can be achieved. We, however, show that the degree of the created entanglement is significantly affected by the quantum noises associated with the amplification and dissipation. The entanglement for the different configurations of the setup is quantified to illustrate how the quantum noises limit such entanglement as well as determine its actual time evolution patterns. In contrast to its sensitivity to the quantum noises, the degree of entanglement is irrelevant to the input light intensities, given the inputs in coherent states.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.96.033806

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We study a system of two coupled waveguides respectively carrying optical damping and optical gain in addition to squeezing elements in one or both waveguides. Such a system is expected to generate highly entangled light fields in the two waveguides. Especially, if the light fields are strong enough, a macroscopic, continuous-variable entanglement can be achieved. We, however, show that the degree of the created entanglement is significantly affected by the quantum noises associated with the amplification and dissipation. The entanglement for the different configurations of the setup is quantified to illustrate how the quantum noises limit such entanglement as well as determine its actual time evolution patterns. In contrast to its sensitivity to the quantum noises, the degree of entanglement is irrelevant to the input light intensities, given the inputs in coherent states.
We examine the gain saturation effect in non-Hermitian systems of coupled gain–loss waveguides and whispering-gallery-mode microresonators, through which a continuous-variable (CV) entanglement of light fields is generated. Here, we consider squeezed vacuum inputs for coupled waveguide setup and coherent drive for coupled microresonators, and study the influence from the saturation of the used optical gain. Unlike the ideal situation without gain saturation, it is possible to generate stabilized entanglement measured by logarithmic negativity under gain saturation. Both types of setups realize steady CV entanglement, provided that the gain saturation is sufficiently quick. Particularly, with the coupled microresonators which are pumped by coherent drive, the created CV entanglement is actually out of the gain noise with a squeezing characteristic, under the condition of fast saturation of the initial optical gain.
It is generally difficult to study the dynamical properties of a quantum system with both inherent quantum noises and nonperturbative nonlinearity. Due to the possibly drastic intensity increase of an input coherent light in gain-loss waveguide couplers with parity-time (PT)(\mathcal{PT})(PT) symmetry, the Kerr effect from a nonlinearity added into the system can be greatly enhanced and is expected to create macroscopic entangled states of the output light fields with huge photon numbers. Meanwhile, quantum noises also coexist with the amplification and dissipation of the light fields. Under the interplay between the quantum noises and nonlinearity, the quantum dynamical behaviors of the systems become rather complicated. However, the important quantum noise effects have been mostly neglected in previous studies about nonlinear PT\mathcal{PT}PT-symmetric systems. Here we present a solution to this nonperturbative quantum nonlinear problem, showing the real-time evolution of the system observables. The enhanced Kerr nonlinearity is found to give rise to a previously unknown decoherence effect that is irrelevant to the quantum noises and imposes a limit on the emergence of macroscopic nonclassicality. In contrast to what happens in linear systems, the quantum noises exert significant impact on the system dynamics and can create nonclassical light field states in conjunction with the enhanced Kerr nonlinearity. This study on the noise involved in quantum nonlinear dynamics of coupled gain-loss waveguides can help to better understand the quantum noise effects in many nonlinear systems.
Quantum entanglement is an essential ingredient for the absolute security of quantum communication. Generation of continuous-variable entanglement or two-mode squeezing between light fields based on the effect of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) has been systematically investigated in this work. Here, we propose a new scheme to enhance the degree of entanglement between probe and coupling fields of coherent-state light by introducing a two-photon detuning in the EIT system. This proposed scheme is more efficient than the conventional one, utilizing the ground-state relaxation (population decay or dephasing) rate to produce entanglement or two-mode squeezing which adds far more excess fluctuation or noise to the system. In addition, maximum degree of entanglement at a given optical depth can be achieved with a wide range of the coupling Rabi frequency and the two-photon detuning, showing our scheme is robust and flexible. It is also interesting to note that while EIT is the effect in the perturbation limit, i.e. the probe field being much weaker than the coupling field and treated as a perturbation, there exists an optimum ratio of the probe to coupling intensities to achieve the maximum entanglement. Our proposed scheme can advance the continuous-variable-based quantum technology and may lead to applications in quantum communication utilizing squeezed light.
We report an efficient mechanism to generate mechanical entanglement in a two-cascaded cavity optomechanical system with optical parametric amplifiers (OPAs) inside the two coupled cavities. We use the especially tuned OPAs to squeeze the hybrid mode composed of two mechanical modes, leading to strong macroscopic entanglement between the two movable mirrors. The squeezing parameter as well as the effective mechanical damping are both modulated by the OPA gains. The optimal degree of mechanical entanglement therefore depends on the balanced process between coherent hybrid mode squeezing and dissipation engineering. The mechanical entanglement is robust to strong cavity decay, going beyond simply resolved sideband regime, and is resistant to reasonable high thermal noise. The scheme provides an alternative way for generating strong macroscopic entanglement in cascaded optomechanical systems.
We investigate how to generate continuous-variable entanglement between distant optomechanical and spin systems, by transferring input two-mode squeezed vacuum state to the system. Such a setup has been proposed for backaction evading gravitational-wave measurement, squeezing the output noise below the standard quantum limit. We find that the spin cavity entanglement saturates to a particular value when no mechanics are involved even though the entanglement of the input beam increases steadily, and drops down when the mechanical oscillator interacts with the cavity. Our study also reveals that the spin optical readout rate enables the robustness of the spin-cavity entanglement with input squeezing whereas the optomechanical coupling strength disables it. The entanglement reaches its maximum when the effective resonance frequency and bandwidth of the cavity match the spin system. Determining collective quadrature fluctuations, our analysis also shows that even though the entanglement between spin and cavity, and cavity and mechanics is significantly present; it is still impossible to obtain entanglement between spin and mechanical oscillator.
We explore in detail the possibility of intracavity generation of continuous-variable (CV) entangled states of light beams under mode phase-locked conditions. We show that such quantum states can be generated in a self-phase-locked nondegenerate optical parametric oscillator (NOPO) based on type II phase-matched down-conversion combined with a linear mixer of two orthogonally polarized modes of the subharmonics in a cavity. A quantum theory of this device, recently realized in the experiment, is developed for both subthreshold and above-threshold operational regimes. We show that the system providing high-level phase coherence between two generated modes, unlike the ordinary NOPO, also exhibits different types of quantum correlations between photon numbers and phases of these modes. We quantify the CV entanglement as two-mode squeezing and show that the maximal degree of the integral two-mode squeezing (which is 5050%50 relative to the level of vacuum fluctuations) is achieved at the pump field intensity close to the generation threshold of a self-phase-locked NOPO, provided that the constant of linear coupling between the two polarizations is much less than the mode detunings. The peculiarities of CV entanglement for the case of unitary, nondissipative dynamics of the system under consideration are also cleared up.