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arXiv:1610.06271 · Physical Review A

Dual atomic interferometer with a tunable point of minimum magnetic sensitivity

Saeed Hamzeloui, Daniel Martínez, V. Abediyeh, N. Arias, E. Gómez, Victor Manuel Valenzuela

Published Sep 29, 2016• 5 citations
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Abstract

Atomic interferometers are often affected by magnetic field fluctuations. Using the clock transition at zero magnetic field minimizes the effect of these fluctuations. There is another transition in rubidium that minimizes the magnetic sensitivity at 3.2 G. We combine the previous two transitions to obtain minimum magnetic sensitivity at a tunable magnetic field between 2.2 and 3.2 G. The two interferometers evolve independently from each other and we control the magnetic sensitivity by changing the population in both transitions with a microwave pulse.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.94.033634

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Atomic interferometers are often affected by magnetic field fluctuations. Using the clock transition at zero magnetic field minimizes the effect of these fluctuations. There is another transition in rubidium that minimizes the magnetic sensitivity at 3.2 G. We combine the previous two transitions to obtain minimum magnetic sensitivity at a tunable magnetic field between 2.2 and 3.2 G. The two interferometers evolve independently from each other and we control the magnetic sensitivity by changing the population in both transitions with a microwave pulse.
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We demonstrate control of the differential Zeeman shift between clock states of ultracold rubidium atoms by means of nonresonant microwave dressing. Using the dc field dependence of the microwave detuning, we suppress the first- and second-order differential Zeeman shift in magnetically trapped 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb atoms. By dressing the state pair 5S1/25{S}_{1/2}5S1/2​ F=1F=1F=1, ${m}_{F}=\ensuremath{-}1$ and F=2F=2F=2, mF=1{m}_{F}=1mF​=1, a residual frequency spread of <0.1<0.1<0.1 Hz in a range of 100 mG around a chosen magnetic offset field can be achieved. This is one order of magnitude smaller than the shift of the bare states at the magic field of the Breit-Rabi parabola. We further identify double magic points, around which the clock frequency is insensitive to fluctuations both in the magnetic field and in the dressing Rabi frequency. The technique is compatible with chip-based cold-atom systems and allows the creation of clock and qubit states with reduced sensitivity to magnetic-field noise.
The utilization of light-pulse atom interferometry presents a valuable technique that has found application in both fundamental scientific inquiries, such as investigating constants such as measurements of fine structure constant α and gravitational constant G, and practical endeavors including acceleration sensing and rotation measurements. This thesis delves into our implementation of a dual atom interferometer design involving the clock transition 1S0 → 3P0 in strontium, concurrently conducting the interferometric sequence on atoms in both ground and excited states. To facilitate the dual atom interferometer’s operation, we have firstly established a compact experimental setup with a transversely loaded bi-dimensional magneto-optical-trap (2D-MOT) to create a high flux source of cold strontium atoms. Introducing a novel cross-polarized bi-color atomic beam slower, we simultaneously addresses two excited Zeeman substates of the transition 1S0 → 1P1 in strontium-88, significantly enhancing the number of atoms prepared in the 461 nm MOT by around 10-fold. Following the 461 nm MOT, the atomic ensemble undergoes cooling in a 689 nm MOT, achieving atomic temperatures below 1 µK. We also install a network of eight magnetic field probes arranged around the cold atomic sample, enabling precise three-axis active control of magnetic fields down to the milligauss level. With the atoms confined in a 2D lattice at the magic-wavelength of 813.427 nm after the initial preparation phase, we conduct the magnetically-induced clock transition to create a statistical mixture state of ground and excited states. After a velocity selection stage, implementing a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with Bragg pulses operating at the magic-wavelength along the vertical axis, we conduct tests of the weak equivalence principle (WEP). The Eötvös ratio we found in our system stood at (1.8 ± 3.1) × 10−4, mainly limited by the finite temperature of the atomic cloud constraining the interrogation time. Furthermore, the dual atom interferometer scheme enables the measurement of state-dependent force and eventually polarizability difference via the phase shift between the atoms in different states, and we experimentally demonstrate this by introducing an additional light field gradient.
Atomic interferometry is a very sensitive technique to measure small forces. Here we present an overview of the progress towards interferometric measurements in our laboratory. We characterize the magnetic field noise and describe the strategies to minimize the sensitivity to magnetic field fluctuations. We introduce as well a system for Raman excitation with minimum phase noise and the frequency filtering needed to implement it. Finally, we demonstrate atomic interferometry with a frequency sensitivity of 3 Hz.
In this article, we discuss the magnetic-field frequency selectivity of a time-domain interferometer based on the number and timing of intermediate pulses. We theoretically show that by adjusting the number of pulses and the -pulse timing, we can control the frequency selectivity of the interferometer to time varying and DC magnetic fields. We present experimental data demonstrating increased coherence time due to bandwidth filtering with the inclusion of a pulse between the initial and final pulses, which mitigates sensitivity to low frequency magnetic fields.
We discuss the possibility to enhance the sensitivity of optical interferometric devices by increasing their open area using an external field gradient that acts differently on the two arms of the interferometers. The use of a combined electric and magnetic field cancels nonlinear terms that dephase the interferometer. This is possible using well-defined (typically with $n\ensuremath{\sim}20$ Rydberg) states, a magnetic field of a few Tesla, and an electric field gradient of $\ensuremath{\sim}10\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{V}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. However, this allows for interaction times only on the order of tens of microseconds, leading to a reachable accuracy of only 1 or 2 orders of magnitude higher than standard light-pulse atom interferometers. Furthermore, the control of fields and states and three-dimensional (3D) trajectories puts severe limits to the reachable accuracy. This idea is therefore not suitable for precision measurement but might eventually be used for gravity or neutrality in antimatter studies.