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arXiv:1608.03468 · Physics Letters B

Coherent gamma photon generation in a Bose–Einstein condensate of 135m Cs

Luca Marmugi, P. M. Walker, Ferruccio Renzoni

Published Dec 18, 2017• 16 citations

Abstract

We have identified a mechanism of collective nuclear de-excitation in a Bose–Einstein condensate of 135Cs atoms in their isomeric state, 135mCs, suitable for the generation of coherent gamma photons. The process described here relies on coherence transfer from the Bose–Einstein condensate to the photon field, leading to collective decay triggered by spontaneous emission of a gamma photon. The mechanism differs from single-pass amplification, which cannot occur in atomic systems due to the nuclear recoil and the associated large shift between absorption and emission lines, nor does it require the large densities necessary for standard Dicke super-radiance. This overcomes the limitations that have been hindering the production of coherent gamma photons in many systems. Therefore, we propose an approach for generation of coherent gamma rays, which relies on a combination of well established techniques of nuclear and atomic physics, and can be realized with currently available technology.

DOI: 10.1016/j.physletb.2017.12.036

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We consider, in general, the collective two-photon annihilation decay of positronium atoms arising from the second quantized formalism. It is shown that two-photon annihilation of positronium atoms in a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) is unstable. Due to the BEC coherence, an absolute instability in such system takes place, i.e., the number of photons created as a result of positronium decay grows in every point within a BEC. The latter leads to an exponential buildup of a macroscopic population into the certain modes. Cooperative effects start for densities much smaller than the Dicke limit of spontaneous super radiation. For laserlike action, i.e., for directional radiation, we consider the BEC with elongated shape when the spontaneously emitted entangled and oppositely directed photon pairs are amplified, leading to an exponential buildup of a macroscopic population into the end-fire modes. We also consider the roles of confinement and interaction among positronium atoms in the amplification process.

This report results from a contract tasking Moscow State University as follows: Exploration of methods to control the radiative gamma- processes in nuclei is currently one of the most promising investigation directions of the modern Quantum Nucleonics - a new realm of contemporary Physics which spreads the basic conceptual ideas and methods of optical Quantum Electronics of atoms and molecules to the gamma-ray range and atomic nuclei and even anti-particles. One of the most important problems in this field is the generation of coherent gamma-radiation by a Gamma-ray Lasing (GRL) process which makes use of excited nuclei as an amplifying medium. The most likely medium for gamma-ray lasers is an ensemble of metastable nuclear isomers, Direct excitation of these isomeric states by electrons or X-ray photons will also create a deeper understanding of nuclear structure and properties.

The scenario of the experiment on the amplification of gamma rays upon stimulated transitions from metastable states of isomeric nuclei in a Bose—Einstein condensate (BEC) is presented. The experiment involves the successive transport of atoms along the so-called quantum conveyer. It is shown that if the excess broadening of the gamma-ray emission line is eliminated, the total gain G > 1 can be achieved despite the presence of negative factors such as the 'laser lethargy', spontaneous decay of metastable states, etc.

The atom - electromagnetic field interaction is studied in the Dicke model, wherein a single field mode is interacting with a collection of two level atoms at thermal equilibrium. It is found that in the superradiant phase of the system, wherein the Bose-Einstein condensation of photons takes place, the notion of photon as an elementary electromagnetic excitation ceases to exist. The phase and intensity excitations of the condensate are found to be the true excitations of electromagnetic field. It is found that in this phase, the atom interacts with these excitations in a distinct coherent transition process, apart from the known stimulated emission/absorption and spontaneous emission processes. In the coherent transition it is found that while the atomic state changes in course of the transition process, the state of electromagnetic field remains unaffected. It is found that the transition probability of such coherent transition process is macroscopically large compared to other stimulated emission/absorption and spontaneous emission processes.