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arXiv:1605.01206

Experimental Exploration of Quantum Correlations: Discord versus Entanglement

Ekaterina V. Moreva, Marco Gramegna, Mikhail A. Yurischev, Marco Genovese

Published May 4, 2016• 1 citation
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Abstract

Quantum correlations represent a fundamental tool for studies ranging from basic science to quantum technologies. Different non-classical correlations have been identified and studied, as entanglement and discord. In view of future applications in this letter we explore experimentally the rich geometry of Bell-diagonal states, measuring the values of entanglement and discord and highlighting the effect of decoherence in real experiments.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1605.01206

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Quantum correlations represent a fundamental tool for studies ranging from basic science to quantum technologies. Different non-classical correlations have been identified and studied, as entanglement and discord. In view of future applications in this letter we explore experimentally the rich geometry of Bell-diagonal states, measuring the values of entanglement and discord and highlighting the effect of decoherence in real experiments.
Quantum correlations represent a fundamental tool for studies ranging from basic science to quantum technologies. Different non-classical correlations have been identified and studied, as entanglement and discord. In this Paper we explore experimentally the rich geometry of polarization Bell-diagonal states. By taking advantage of the statistical method of generation, the values of entanglement and discord along different trajectories in the space of the parameters of density matrix have been measured. The effects of sudden death of entanglement and complete "freeze" of discord were investigated in order to detect the domains with different domination of one type of quantum correlation against to other. A geometric interpretation for each considered phenomena is addressed. The observed good agreement between experiment and theory for all investigated trajectories ensures the reliability of this method.
Measurements of Quantum Systems disturb their states. To quantify this non-classical characteristic, Zurek and Ollivier introduced the quantum discord, a quantum correlation which can be nonzero even when entanglement in the system is zero. Discord has aroused great interest as a resource that is more robust against the effects of decoherence and offers exponential speed up of certain computational algorithms. Here, we study general two-level bipartite systems and give general results on the relationship between discord, entanglement, and linear entropy, and identify the states for which discord takes a maximal value for a given entropy or entanglement, thus placing strong bounds on entanglement-discord and entropy-discord relations. We find out that although discord and entanglement are identical for pure states, they differ when generalized to mixed states as a result of the difference in the method of generalization.
Measurements of quantum systems disturb their states. To quantify this nonclassical characteristic, Zurek and Ollivier [Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 017901 (2001)] introduced the quantum discord, a quantum correlation that can be nonzero even when entanglement in the system is zero. Discord has aroused great interest as a resource that is more robust against the effects of decoherence and offers the exponential speed-up of certain computational algorithms. Here, we study general two-level bipartite systems and give general results on the relationship between discord, entanglement, and linear entropy. We also identify the states for which discord takes a maximal value for a given entropy or entanglement, thus placing strong bounds on entanglement-discord and entropy-discord relations. We find out that although discord and entanglement are identical for pure states, they differ when generalized to mixed states as a result of the difference in the method of generalization.
Quantum discord is a measure of nonclassical correlations in quantum systems. While the bipartite version of quantum discord is experimentally well-studied, the multipartite version has never been convincingly measured. In this study, we experimentally investigate tripartite quantum discord using an NMR quantum information processor. Building on a theoretical framework for conditional projective measurements and quantum conditional mutual information, we quantify the tripartite quantum discord and its contributions in different three-qubit states such as the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) and Werner (W) states as well as classical mixtures of biseparable Bell states, and classical mixtures of product states. The experiments employed full quantum state tomography and temporal averaging to prepare mixed states, achieving fidelities exceeding 95%. Our results confirm that quantum discord persists even in the absence of entanglement, highlighting its utility as a broader indicator of quantum correlations. Furthermore, we validate the nonconvexity of discord, confirming that classical mixtures of zero-discord states can exhibit nonzero discord. This experimentally confirms that quantum discord does not fit into the framework of resource theory. This work establishes a robust methodology for measuring quantum discord, illuminating the structure and distribution of quantum correlations in multipartite systems.
Correlations are a very important tool in the study of multipartite systems, for both classical and quantum ones. The discussion about the quantum nature of correlations permeates Physics since Einstein, Podolski and Rosen published their famous article criticizing quantum mechanics. Here, we provide a short review about the quantum nature of correlations, discussing both its theoretical and experimental aspects. We focus on quantum discord and related measures. After discussing their fundamental aspects (theoretically and experimentally), we proceed by analysing the dynamical behavior of correlations under decoherence as well as some applications in different scenarios, such as quantum computation and relativity, passing through critical and biological systems.
It has been proven that the quantum discord is a more general tool to capture non-classical correlation than quantum entanglement, because there is a non-zero quantum discord in several mixed states that could not be measured by quantum entanglement. But because of optimization part in formulating quantum discord, it is very difficult and nearly impossible to find quantum discord for some quantum states. So people proposed geometric quantum discord, which in a bipartite state could be describe as the distance of the states from the closest zero-discord state. To understand better geometric quantum discord, this paper is devoted to compare it with quantum discord and measurement induced non-locality that is in some sense dual to the geometric quantum discord. As studying the quantum correlation experimentally is one of the important thing in quantum information processing, so as our example for illustrating the difference of geometric quantum discord, quantum discord and measurement induced non-locality, our quantum system is a dimer (two spin-1/2 particles) in multiple quantum nuclear magnetic resonance.