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arXiv:1603.03607 · Optics Express

Effects of losses in the atom-light hybrid SU(1,1) interferometer

Zhao-Dan Chen, Chun-Hua Yuan, Hongmei Ma, Dong Li, L. Q. Chen, Z. Y. Ou, Weiping Zhang

Published Jul 27, 2016• 27 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Collective atomic excitation can be realized by the Raman scattering. Such a photon-atom interface can form an SU(1,1)-typed atom-light hybrid interferometer, where the atomic Raman amplification processes take the place of the beam splitting elements in a traditional Mach-Zehnder interferometer. We numerically calculate the phase sensitivities and the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of this interferometer with the method of homodyne detection and intensity detection, and give their differences of the optimal phase points to realize the best phase sensitivities and the maximal SNRs from these two detection methods. The difference of the effects of loss of light field and atomic decoherence on measure precision is analyzed.

DOI
10.1364/oe.24.017766

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Collective atomic excitation can be realized by the Raman scattering. Such a photon-atom interface can form an SU(1,1)-typed atom-light hybrid interferometer, where the atomic Raman amplification processes take the place of the beam splitting elements in a traditional Mach-Zehnder interferometer. We numerically calculate the phase sensitivities and the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of this interferometer with the method of homodyne detection and intensity detection, and give their differences of the optimal phase points to realize the best phase sensitivities and the maximal SNRs from these two detection methods. The difference of the effects of loss of light field and atomic decoherence on measure precision is analyzed.
The quantum correlation of light and atomic collective excitation can be used to compose an SU(1,1)-type hybrid light-atom interferometer, where one arm in the optical SU(1,1) interferometer is replaced by the atomic collective excitation. The phase-sensing probes include not only the photon field but also the atomic collective excitation inside the interferometer. For a coherent squeezed state as the phase-sensing field, the phase sensitivity can approach the Heisenberg limit under the optimal conditions. We also study the effects of the loss of light field and the dephasing of atomic excitation on the phase sensitivity. This kind of active SU(1,1) interferometer can also be realized in other systems, such as circuit quantum electrodynamics in microwave systems, which provides a different method for basic measurement using the hybrid interferometers.
We theoretically study the phase sensitivity of an SU(1,1) interferometer with a coherent state in one input port and a squeezed-vacuum state in the other input port using the method of homodyne detection. In this interferometer, beam splitting and recombination are generated by the parametric amplifiers instead of the beam splitters. Compared with the traditional Mach–Zehnder interferometer, the phase sensitivity of this interferometer can be improved due to the amplification process of the parametric amplifiers. Combined with the squeezed state input, the sensitivity can be improved further due to the noise reduction. The phase sensitivity of our scheme can approach the Heisenberg limit and the associated optimal condition is analyzed. The scheme can be implemented with current experimental technology.
The SU (1,1)-type atom-light hybrid interferometer (SALHI) is a kind of interferometer that is sensitive to both the optical phase and atomic phase. However, the loss has been an unavoidable problem in practical applications and greatly limits the use of interferometers. Visibility is an important parameter to evaluate the performance of interferometers. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the mitigating effect of the loss on visibility of the SALHI via asymmetric gain optimization, where the maximum threshold of loss to visibility close to 100% is increased. Furthermore, we theoretically find that the optimal condition for the largest visibility is the same as that for the enhancement of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to the best value with the existence of the losses using the intensity detection, indicating that visibility can act as an experimental operational criterion for SNR improvement in practical applications. Improvement of the interference visibility means achievement of SNR enhancement. Our results provide a significant foundation for practical application of the SALHI in radar and ranging measurements.
A new type of hybrid atom-light interferometer is demonstrated with atomic Raman amplification processes replacing the beam splitting elements in a traditional interferometer. This nonconventional interferometer involves correlated optical and atomic waves in the two arms. The correlation between atoms and light developed with the Raman process makes this interferometer different from conventional interferometers with linear beam splitters. It is observed that the high-contrast interference fringes are sensitive to the optical phase via a path change as well as the atomic phase via a magnetic field change. This new atom-light correlated hybrid interferometer is a sensitive probe of the atomic internal state and should find wide applications in precision measurement and quantum control with atoms and photons.
Improving interferometric phase sensitivity is crucial for high-precision measurements in rapidly developing quantum technologies. The Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) is a versatile tool for analyzing this phenomenon. By splitting and recombining a light beam using beam splitters, the MZI allows for precise phase sensitivity analysis using tools like the quantum Cramér–Rao bound (QCRB) and the quantum Fisher information (QFI). This paper analyzes the phase sensitivity of an MZI in various scenarios using different detection schemes and input states. We compare the single- and two-parameter quantum estimation and their associated QCRB for three phase-shift situations: in both arms; only in the upper arm (asymmetric); and in both arms symmetrically. We then investigate the phase sensitivity under three detection schemes: intensity difference; single-mode intensity; and balanced homodyne. Additionally, we explore the use of Perelomov and Barut–Girardello coherent states, two types of SU(1,1) coherent states, in all scenarios. Notably, we demonstrate that, under optimal conditions, all detection schemes can achieve the QCRB by utilizing SU(1,1) coherent states as input states.
Quantum non-demolition (QND) measurement is an important tool in the fields of quantum information processing and quantum optics. The atom-light hybrid interferometer is of great interest due to its combination of an atomic spin wave and an optical wave, which can be utilized for photon number QND measurement via the AC-Stark effect. In this paper, we present an SU(1,1)-SU(2)-concatenated atom-light hybrid interferometer, and theoretically study QND measurement of the photon number. Compared to the traditional SU(2) interferometer, the signal-to-noise ratio in a balanced case is improved by a gain factor of the nonlinear Raman process (NRP) in this proposed interferometer. Furthermore, the condition of high-quality QND measurement is analyzed. In the presence of losses, the measurement quality is reduced. We can adjust the gain parameter of the NRP in the readout stage to reduce the impact due to losses. Moreover, this scheme is a multiarm interferometer, which has the potential of multiparameter estimation with many important applications in the detection of vector fields, quantum imaging, and so on.