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arXiv:1511.03250 · Physica Scripta

30 years of squeezed light generation

Ulrik L. Andersen, Tobias Gehring, Christoph Marquardt, Gerd Leuchs

Published Apr 13, 2016• 442 citations
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Abstract

Squeezed light generation has come of age. Significant advances on squeezed light generation have been made over the last 30 years—from the initial, conceptual experiment in 1985 till today's top-tuned, application-oriented setups. Here we review the main experimental platforms for generating quadrature squeezed light that have been investigated in the last 30 years.

DOI
10.1088/0031-8949/91/5/053001

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Squeezed light generation has come of age. Significant advances on squeezed light generation have been made over the last 30 years—from the initial, conceptual experiment in 1985 till today's top-tuned, application-oriented setups. Here we review the main experimental platforms for generating quadrature squeezed light that have been investigated in the last 30 years.
Squeezed light, a prominent non-classical state of light, exhibits reduced quantum noise in one quadrature component below the standard quantum limit (SQL). The property enables quantum-enhanced precision measurements, surpassing the SQL in quantum sensing applications. This review comprehensively introduces the fundamental concepts, classifications, and experimental generation techniques of squeezed light. It further explores its pivotal role and recent advances in diverse quantum sensing domains, including interferometry, gravitational wave detection, magnetometry, force sensing, biomedical sensing, and quantum radar. The review covers theoretical foundations of squeezed states (including quadrature operators and classification schemes, experimental generation techniques in atomic ensembles, nonlinear crystals, and fibers), fundamentals of quantum sensing with squeezed light (from quantum noise theory to quantum-enhanced metrology), and quantum-enhanced sensing applications across the aforementioned domains. Finally, future challenges and opportunities in the field are discussed.
In this tutorial article the authors provide a discussion of squeezed states of light from an elementary point of view. An outline of the topics considered is provided in the contents list below. Following the presentation of topics 1-3, which are of a general nature, they discuss two kinds of nonclassical light: quadrature-squeezed light (topics 4-6) and photon-number-squeezed light (topics 7-9). In the last part of the article they provide a listing of early nonclassical light experiments and consider a number of applications (and potential applications) of squeezed light. Finally, they provide a survey of the available general literature.
Squeezed light is a nonclassical state of electro-magnetic field and has noise suppressed below the standard quantum limit in one quadrature component while increased in the other. One of the important applications of squeezed lights is quantum enhanced sensing such as gravitational wave detector with ultimate resolution. Another important application is continuous variables quantum teleportation which utilizes two mode squeezed lights as an essential resource for quantum entanglement. In these applications the final outcome is limited by squeezing level. So it is important to generate highly squeezed light. Over the past few decades a considerable number of the experiments have been performed to generate highly squeezed lights. One of the successful methods is utilization of a sub-threshold optical parametric oscillator (OPO) which includes a nonlinear optical crystal. In this article we will introduce current development of experimental investigation of continuous-wave highly squeezed light by utilizing the OPO and current topics about applications of squeezed light.
Quadrature squeezed states of light are important resources for continuous-variable quantum inforamtion protocols. Squeezing level or purity of the states often dominate the performances of such protocols. In this article, I review our experiment which generates the quadrature squeezed state of light at 860nm with high squeezing level and purity. The generated state has been improved in its squeezing level and purity by using a periodically-poled KTiOPO4 (PPKTP) crystal as a nonlinear optical medium in a sub-threshold cw pumped optical parametric oscillator.
Generation of ``squeezed'' light is a key technology for quantum information processing with continuous variables. In this field, continuous-variable quantum sampling is a promising candidate for near-term demonstration of quantum advantage. Despite many years of progress, though, a squeezed-light source suitable for quantum sampling has not been demonstrated. This work finally provides a blueprint for squeezed-light sources that can be used for large-scale quantum sampling applications, and thus will have an impact on advancing photonic quantum technology for practical deployment.