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arXiv:1511.01049

Planck-Einstein-de Broglie relations for wave packet: the acoustic world

Ion Simaciu, Zoltan Borsos, Gheorghe Dumitrescu, Georgeta Nan

Published Nov 2, 2015• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

In this paper we study the relations of Planck-Einstein-de Broglie type for the wave packets. We assume that the wave packet is a possible model of particle . When studying the behaviour of the wave packet for standing waves, in relation to an accelerated observer (i.e. Rindler observer), there can be demonstrated that the equivalent mass of the packet is the inertial mass. In our scenario, the waves and of the wave packets are depicted by the strain induced/produced in the medium. The properties of the waves, of the wave packet and, generally, of the perturbations in a material medium suggest the existence of an acoustic world. The acoustic world has mechanical and thermodynamical properties. The perturbations that are generated and propagated in the medium are correlated by means of acoustic waves with maximum speed. The observers of this world of disturbances (namely the acoustic world) have senses that are based on the perception of mechanical waves (disturbance of any kind) and apparatus for detecting and acquiring information by means of the same type of wave. Time and length measurements (and other parameters) are correlated by Lorentz type transformations, where the maximum speed is the speed of the sound waves. By applying these transformations to the packet of standing waves, there results that the energy, mass, linear momentum and the action variable/variable action undergo relativistic changes. We highlight the fact that the dynamic relativist relationship between energy and momentum is a consequence of the wave packet model for a particle. We have also emphasized the existence of certain limits for the energy of the disturbance and the corresponding action variable.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1511.01049

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In this paper we study the relations of Planck-Einstein-de Broglie type for the wave packets. We assume that the wave packet is a possible model of particle . When studying the behaviour of the wave packet for standing waves, in relation to an accelerated observer (i.e. Rindler observer), there can be demonstrated that the equivalent mass of the packet is the inertial mass. In our scenario, the waves and of the wave packets are depicted by the strain induced/produced in the medium. The properties of the waves, of the wave packet and, generally, of the perturbations in a material medium suggest the existence of an acoustic world. The acoustic world has mechanical and thermodynamical properties. The perturbations that are generated and propagated in the medium are correlated by means of acoustic waves with maximum speed. The observers of this world of disturbances (namely the acoustic world) have senses that are based on the perception of mechanical waves (disturbance of any kind) and apparatus for detecting and acquiring information by means of the same type of wave. Time and length measurements (and other parameters) are correlated by Lorentz type transformations, where the maximum speed is the speed of the sound waves. By applying these transformations to the packet of standing waves, there results that the energy, mass, linear momentum and the action variable/variable action undergo relativistic changes. We highlight the fact that the dynamic relativist relationship between energy and momentum is a consequence of the wave packet model for a particle. We have also emphasized the existence of certain limits for the energy of the disturbance and the corresponding action variable.
In this paper we prove, by expressing the energy as a function of the wave propagation speed, it is highlighted the existence of an equivalent mass of the wave, as well as of an Einstein type relations between the energy and this mass. Also, we establish a relation between angular frequency and energy similar to that of the Planck relation. For the propagating wave, there is a de Broglie type relationship between the linear momentum and the action variable (the angular momentum), i.e. the wave linear momentum is proportional to the wave number, the proportionality coefficient being the action.
A hypothesis is put forward according to which the formulas of Relativity are a consequence of the laws of quantum physics and may be applied only to quantum objects. According to the wave - particle duality quantum bodies are simultaneously the waves and considered in the present research with a use of the wave equation and requirement of its Lorentz‘s invariance. The property of invariance with respect to the Lorentz’s transform is analysed in hyperbolic coordinates in an area of complex numbers. An examination showed that formulas of relativistic kinematics can be obtained based on the condition of equality of the amplitudes and phases of the wave, observed from different inertial frames. There is no need to introduce the concept of a unified entity of space-time, but the return to the idea of aether and matter waves de Broglie occurs. The physical model becomes borrowed partly from quantum field theory. It is assumed that the moving particle binds to a wave of the aether disturbance, and only this wave acts on the other particle like an electromagnetic field pushes an electrical charge. The model of colliding elastic balls becomes inapplicable, but equations of relativity mechanics remain the same, however, with a new interpretation. The mass of a particle in all coordinate systems is constant, in exchange the expressions of energy and momentum alter relative the classical case, include the property of aether – coefficient c of the wave equation, and acquire relativistic forms.
The physics of special relativity is applied to a wave-packet model of a particle without the usual de Broglie-like assumption of Planck's rule, E = hv. The velocity of the particle is equated to the group-velocity of the wave-packet to associate the particle with its wave-packet. With such an identification it is demonstrated using special relativity that the momentum four-vector, P = [p, E/c2] of the particle is parallel and proportional to a central wave-number four-vector, K0 = [k0. ω0/c2], of the particle's wave-packet. The constant of proportionality, relating these two four-vectors, has the dimension of action and by diffraction experiments it has the value h/2π where h is Planck's constant. This refinement of the de Broglie wave-like nature of a particle suggests that special relativity underlies quantum physics more deeply than heretofore believed. The above quantum rules are used to find the wave-packet function in the one-dimensional case of a non-relativistic free particle and a particle in a conservative force field of potential V (x). This wave-packet function is shown to satisfy an integral time-evolution equation which relates the wave function at time t0 to the function at a slightly later time t. The resulting integral equation is equivalent to the propagator equation or path-integral hypothesised by Feynman. This fact also demonstrates, using the method of Feynman, that the wave-packet function satisfies Schrödinger's partial differential equation. The wave-packet function of a particle in a force field is directly shown to satisfy a linear integral equation which relates the wave-packet at one instant of time to its values at all later times. The kernel or propagator of this integral equation is also equivalent to Feynman's path integral. A computation demonstrates that the position of a moving particle in a simple quadratic potential well does not become more uncertain with the passage of time. This contrasts with the behaviour of a moving free particle which as a function of time becomes more and more difficult to accurately locate.
In this paper, we have considered that the particle velocity in the matter wave concept of de Broglie is relative. It reveals that matter wave associated with a moving particle is a photon wave which has longitudinal and transverse values. The conventional de-Broglie’s wavelength-momentum relation corresponds to the longitudinal wave. As a consequence, we have found the longitudinal and transverse relative values of the mass, time, length and velocity including the missing equations of Einstein’s theory of special relativity. It also reveals that momentum and energy are relative quantities and the corresponding expressions for the longitudinal and transverse values for both of them have been presented. Moreover, the addition rules, with a general expression, for all the relative quantities based on Lorentz-Einstein transformation law for the addition of velocities have been given. Finally, the maximum and minimum values of the relative quantities have been expressed in terms of Plank’s constant and the speed of light. Their numerical values have also been calculated and presented in this paper.
A physics-oriented review is first given of wave equations: examples, the Cauchy problem, solutions in various coordinates, their symmetries, how to build a wave packet. Fourier analysis and dispersion relations are then introduced, and here the key tool is the symbol of differential operators, which makes it possible to study them in terms of algebraic polynomials involving cotangent-bundle variables. Further basic material deals with geometrical optics from the wave equation, phase and group velocity (and their dual relationship in momentum space), the Helmholtz equation and the eikonal approximation for the scalar wave equation. The Schrödinger equation is then derived with emphasis on the wave packet and its relation to classical behaviour in the light of the Einstein–de Broglie relation. For this purpose, it is shown that it is possible to build a wave packet for which the wave-like properties manifest themselves for distances of the order of atomic dimensions. The Fourier transform with respect to time of the wave packet obeys the stationary Schrödinger equation, while the wave function is found to obey a partial differential equation which is of first order in time. The wave equation The wave equation occurs in several branches of classical physics, e.g. the theory of sound, electromagnetic phenomena in vacuum and in material media, and elastic vibrations of material bodies. We consider first the simplest situation, i.e. the propagation of waves in a homogeneous, isotropic and stationary medium. Propagation is characterized by the refractive index n , a quantity that is independent of the point in space-time.