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arXiv:quant-ph/0401011

Einstein-De Broglie relations on the lattice

Miguel Lorente

Published Jan 4, 2004• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Historically the starting point of wave mechanics is the Planck and Einstein-de Broglie relations for the energy and momentum of a particle, where the momentum is connected to the group velocity of the wave packet. We translate the arguments given by de Broglie to the case of a wave defined on the grid points of a space-time lattice and explore the physical consequences such as integral period, wave length, discrete energy, momentum and rest mass.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/0401011

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Historically the starting point of wave mechanics is the Planck and Einstein-de Broglie relations for the energy and momentum of a particle, where the momentum is connected to the group velocity of the wave packet. We translate the arguments given by de Broglie to the case of a wave defined on the grid points of a space-time lattice and explore the physical consequences such as integral period, wave length, discrete energy, momentum and rest mass.
Louis de Broglie’s doctoral thesis developed a concept of waves associated with material particles that was soon incorporated into wave mechanics and later supported by experimental demonstrations. De Broglie’s original development, however, relied on an incorrect identification of two quite different relations: the relation between the velocity of a particle and the relation between the group velocity of a wave packet and the velocity of individual waves in the packet. A clarification of this difference and its historial significance is followed by a tentative account of the reasons why de Broglie’s well-known formula proved successful, though the theory supporting it rested on a conceptual confusion. Finally, this development and clarification are related to some of the difficulties involved in the attempts top fashion a coherent interpretation of quantum theory.
Whatever was going to replace classical physics in the description of radiation and atomic phenomena had to confront the difficult task of somehow reconciling the wave-like and particle-like aspects of light in a single structure. An important clue would come from Einstein’s E=mc2. We tend to want to associate mass (and linear momentum) with material particles. But the Planck–Einstein relation E=hν connects energy with frequency, a determinedly wave-like property. So, here are two very simple yet fundamental equations connecting energy to mass and energy to frequency. Can they be combined? Louis de Broglie thought so, and in 1923 he generalized the discovery made by Einstein in 1905 by extending it to all material particles, and most notably to electrons. The de Broglie relation λ=h/p can be derived quite straightforwardly by comparing the Lorentz transformations for energy and momentum with those for a system of plane waves.
Abstract According to Planck and Einstein the energy and frequency of light are related by E = ђw. De Broglie observed that to be consistent with the theory of relativity the momentum p of a wave should be ђk where k is the wave vector of magnitude 2π /wavelength, perpendicular to the wave front. (This is because the special theory of relativity combines E and p and also ω and k into four-dimensional vectors, and linear relations between particular components force the same relations for all other components as well. This is explained in more detail in Section 17.1, which is independent of the rest of the book.)
Special Relativity sets tight constraints on the form of the possible relations between the four-momentum of a particle and the wave four-vector. In fact, we demonstrate that there is just one way, according to Special Relativity, to relate the energy and the momentum of a corpuscle with the characteristics of a plane wave, frequency and wave vector, if the momentum has to flow in the same direction of the wave propagation: the laws must be of direct proportionality like de Broglie and Planck-Einstein equations.
The de Broglie relation is revisited in connection with an ab initio relativistic description of particles and waves, which is the same treatment that historically led to this famous relation. In the same context of the Minkowski four-vector formalism, we also discuss the phase and the group velocity of a matter wave, explicitly showing that both transform as ordinary velocities under a Lorentz transformation. We show that such a transformation rule is a necessary condition for the covariance of the de Broglie relation, and stress the pedagogical value of the Einstein-Minkowski-Lorentz relativistic context in the presentation of the de Broglie relation.
This paper analyzes the quantities of energy and momentum in the definitional rela-tionship of relativistic mechanics, in the de Broglie momentum hypothesis and in the Klein-Gordon, Dirac and Schrodinger equation. The results of analysis shows that Planck constant and relativistic relationships on the length contraction and increase in mass are a reflection of the same physical principles in nature, that λ designated in the de Broglie hypothesis λ =h/mv as the wave of matter with rest state value λ = ∞ must be connected with a real dimension of a particle with rest state value λ = lo = moc and that on this ba-sis we can come to the fundamental equations of quantum mechanics that are the Klein-Gordon, Dirac and Schrodinger equation without the necessity of the wave functions.