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arXiv:1506.04992 · Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

A controllable single photon beam-splitter as a node of a quantum network

Gaurav Gautam, Santosh Kumar, Saikat Ghosh, Deepak Kumar

Published Mar 8, 2016• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Abstract A model for a controlled single-photon beam-splitter is proposed and analyzed. It consists of two crossed optical-cavities with overlapping waists, dynamically coupled to a single flying atom. The system is shown to route a single photon with near-unity efficiency in an effective ‘weak-coupling’ regime. Furthermore, two such nodes, forming a segment of a quantum network, are shown to perform several controlled quantum operations. All one-qubit operations involve a transfer of a photon from one cavity to another in a single node, while two-qubit operations involve transfer from one node to a next one, coupled via an optical fiber. Novel timing protocols for classical optical fields are found to simplify possible experimental realizations along with achievable effective parameter regime. Though our analysis here is based on a cavity-QED scenario, basic features of the model can be extended to various other physical systems including gated quantum dots, circuit-QED or opto-mechanical elements.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/49/6/065502

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Abstract A model for a controlled single-photon beam-splitter is proposed and analyzed. It consists of two crossed optical-cavities with overlapping waists, dynamically coupled to a single flying atom. The system is shown to route a single photon with near-unity efficiency in an effective ‘weak-coupling’ regime. Furthermore, two such nodes, forming a segment of a quantum network, are shown to perform several controlled quantum operations. All one-qubit operations involve a transfer of a photon from one cavity to another in a single node, while two-qubit operations involve transfer from one node to a next one, coupled via an optical fiber. Novel timing protocols for classical optical fields are found to simplify possible experimental realizations along with achievable effective parameter regime. Though our analysis here is based on a cavity-QED scenario, basic features of the model can be extended to various other physical systems including gated quantum dots, circuit-QED or opto-mechanical elements.
We proposed a model for a controlled single-photon beam-splitter which can route photons with near-unity efficiency. It consists of two crossed optical-cavities with overlapping waists, dynamically coupled to a single flying atom in an effective weak-coupling regime. The two such nodes, forming a segment of a quantum network, are shown to perform several controlled quantum operations. This model can be extended to various other physical systems including gated quantum dots, circuit-QED and opto-mechanical systems.
We study analytically the dynamics of cavity QED nodes in a practical quantum network. Given a single 3-level ΛΛΛ-type atom or quantum dot coupled to a micro-cavity, we derive several necessary and sufficient criteria for the coherent trapping and generation of a single photon pulse with a given waveform to be realizable. We prove that these processes can be performed with practical hardware -- such as cavity QED systems which are operating deep in the weak coupling regime -- given a set of restrictions on the single-photon pulse envelope. We systematically study the effects of spontaneous emission and spurious cavity decay on the transfer efficiency, including the case where more than one excited state participates in the dynamics. This work should open the way to very efficient optimizations of the operation of quantum networks.
Summary form only given. In quantum information processing, a qubit is realised as a superposition of atomic or ionic eigenstates, or as a superposition of the states of a photon. A coupling between these different types of qubits is necessary to perform quantum operations or quantum transmissions, e.g. in a quantum network where single atoms or ions are entangled with individual photons. To generate such an entanglement in a controlled way, a triggered source for single photons, a photon pistol, will be needed. Our scheme will lead to the emission of one photon into a single, predetermined mode of the radiation field in response to a trigger event. This photon is emitted from an atom strongly coupled to a high-finesse optical cavity, and the trigger is a classical light pulse. The device combines cavity-QED with an adiabatic transfer technique. We consider a single lambda-type three-level atom being placed inside an empty cavity.
One of today’s challenges to realise computing based on quantum mechanics is to reliably and scalably encode information in quantum systems. Here, we present a photon source to on-demand deliver photonic quantum bits of information based on a strongly coupled atom-cavity system. The source operates intermittently for periods of up to 100 μs, with a single-photon repetition rate of 1 MHz, and an intra-cavity production efficiency of up to 85%. Our ability to arbitrarily control the photons’ wavepackets and phase profiles, together with long coherence times of 500 ns, allows to store time-bin encoded quantum information within a single photon. To do so, the spatio-temporal envelope of a single photon is sub-divided in d time bins which allows for the delivery of arbitrary qu-d-its. This is done with a fidelity of > 95% for qubits, and 94% for qutrits verified using a newly developed time-resolved quantum-homodyne measurement technique. Additionally, we combine two separate fields of quantum physics by using our deterministic single-photon source to seed linear optics quantum computing (LOQC) circuits. As a step towards quantum networking, it is shown that this photon source can be combined with quantum gates, namely a chip-integrated beam splitter, a controlled-NOT (CNOT) gate as well as a CNOT4 gate. We use this CNOT4 gate to entangle photons deterministically emitted from our source and observe non-classical correlations between events separated by periods exceeding the travel time across the chip by three orders of magnitude. Additionally, we use time-bin encoded qubits to systematically study the de- and re-phasing of quantum states as well as the the effects of time-varying internal phases in photonic quantum circuits.
A cavity coupling, a charged nanodot, and a fiber can act as a quantum interface, through which a stationary spin qubit and a flying photon qubit can be interconverted via a cavity-assisted Raman process. This Raman process can be made to generate or annihilate an arbitrarily shaped single-photon wave packet by pulse shaping the controlling laser field. This quantum interface forms the basis for many essential functions of a quantum network, including sending, receiving, transferring, swapping, and entangling qubits at distributed quantum nodes as well as a deterministic source and an efficient detector of a single-photon wave packet with arbitrarily specified shape and average photon number. Numerical study of errors from noise and system parameters on the operations shows high fidelity and robust tolerance.
A hybrid quantum networks made of single-charged quantum dots and cavities, connected by fibers between cavity nodes, is illustrated. We show that how the state of quantum dot is manipulated by single photons, its functions in optical transport and phase control and thereafter its applications in quantum information transfer and entanglement generation. We give the dynamics of the system governed by the basic input-output equations for the cavity and single photons, and the corresponding numerical simulation.