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arXiv:1505.00679 · Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Two schemes for characterization and detection of the squeezed light: dynamical Casimir effect and nonlinear materials

H Lotfipour, Z Allameh, R Roknizadeh, Hoshang Heydari

Published Mar 8, 2016• 3 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Abstract Using two different schemes, a non-classical-squeezed state of light is detected and characterized. In the first scheme, in a one-dimensional cavity with a moving mirror (non-stationary Casimir effect) in the principal mode, we study the photon generation rate for two modes (squeezed and coherent state) of a driving field. Since the cavity with the moving mirror (similar to an optomechanical system) can be considered an analogue to a Kerr-like medium, in the second scheme, the probability amplitude for multi-photon absorption in a nonlinear (Kerr) medium will be quantum mechanically calculated. It is shown that because of the presence of nonlinear effects, the responses of these two systems to the squeezed versus coherent state are considerably distinguishable. The drastic difference between the results of these two states of light can be viewed as a proposal for detecting non-classical states.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/49/6/065503

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•Aug 18, 2013•1 citation
Abstract Using two different schemes, a non-classical-squeezed state of light is detected and characterized. In the first scheme, in a one-dimensional cavity with a moving mirror (non-stationary Casimir effect) in the principal mode, we study the photon generation rate for two modes (squeezed and coherent state) of a driving field. Since the cavity with the moving mirror (similar to an optomechanical system) can be considered an analogue to a Kerr-like medium, in the second scheme, the probability amplitude for multi-photon absorption in a nonlinear (Kerr) medium will be quantum mechanically calculated. It is shown that because of the presence of nonlinear effects, the responses of these two systems to the squeezed versus coherent state are considerably distinguishable. The drastic difference between the results of these two states of light can be viewed as a proposal for detecting non-classical states.
We show two examples in which the dynamical Casimir effect can be achieved by modulating the Kerr or higher-order nonlinearities. In the first case the cavity field is coupled to an arbitrary number of qubits or a harmonic oscillator via the dipole interaction. In the second case, the modulation of the nonlinearities is accompanied by the off-resonance modulation of the cavity frequency. We present the analytic description of the phenomenon and supplement it with numeric simulations, demonstrating that photons can be created from vacuum and the resulting hyper-Poissonian photon statistics is very different from the squeezed vacuum state.
We study a simple version of the dynamical Casimir effect in a single electromagnetic cavity mode containing a Kerr medium. We obtain an approximate expression for the time evolution operator valid for short times and/or low average photon number. We have found that the generation of photons from quantum vacuum is strongly affected by the presence of the Kerr medium. In the time domain it shows strong oscillations, whose frequency increases with the intensity of the nonlinear medium, sharing physical features with the case of two two-level atoms in a cavity with oscillating walls. Using a semiclassical approach, we show that Kerr nonlinearity produces a faster decrease in the photon production rate than that reported in previous studies working on quasi-resonant nonstationary cavities. We also found that the initial vacuum state can evolve in a cat sate. We expect that these results could be relevant for any study involving the dynamical Casimir effect that is willing to incorporate Kerr nonlinearities.
It is well known that squeezed states can be produced by nonlinear optical processes, such as parametric amplification and four wave mixing, in which two photons are created or annihilated simultaneously. Since the Hamiltonian of the dynamic Casimir effect contains a 2 and a +2, photons in such a process are also generated or annihilated in pairs. Here we propose to get squeezed light through the dynamic Casimir effect. Specifically, we demonstrate it from the full quantum perspective and the semiclassical perspective successively. Different from previous work, we focus on generating squeezed states with the lowest average photon number, because such squeezed states have better quantum properties. For the full quantum picture, that is, phonons also have quantum properties, when the system is initially in the excited state of phonons, squeezed light cannot be generated during the evolution, but the light field can collapse to the squeezed state by measuring the state of phonons. When the phonon is treated as a classical quantity, that is, the cavity wall is continuously driven, squeezed light with the minimum average photon number will be generated in the case of off-resonance. This will play a positive role in better regulating the photon state generated by the dynamic Casimir system in the future.
In our paper we consider the non-classical behaviour of both the Hermitian (observable) Stokes parameters of light and the phase difference of two modes that describe the quantum polarization states of optical field. To characterize the degree of polarization of light we introduce a new quantity taking into account the quantum properties of different quantum states of two orthogonally polarized modes. The problem of determination of the phase difference in two modes of optical field for the quantum polarization states of light is discussed. To describe in general such a quantum field we introduce two pairs of the phase operators: the phase angles for the Stokes parameters of light in a three-dimensional picture of the Poincaré sphere. We also consider a special type of the eight-port polarization interferometer (polarimeter) for simultaneous homodyne detection of both the Stokes parameters of light and the polarization phase operators and their fluctuations as well. Using an anisotropic (spatioperiodic) Kerr-like nonlinear medium associated with the polarization interferometer we could generate and also observe the polarization-squeezed phase states of light. The fluctuations in the phase difference between two orthogonally polarized modes for these non-classical states are less than the fluctuations for light in coherent state.
Abstract The generation of large-amplitude coherent states of a massive mechanical resonator, and their quantum-limited detection represent useful tools for quantum sensing and for testing fundamental physics theories. In fact, any weak perturbation may affect the coherent quantum evolution of the prepared state, providing a sensitive probe for such a perturbation. Here we consider a cavity optomechanical setup and the case of the detection of a weak mechanical nonlinearity. We consider different strategies, first focusing on the stationary dynamics in the presence of multiple tones driving the system, and then focusing on non-equilibrium dynamical strategies. These methods can be successfully applied for measuring Duffing-like material nonlinearities, or effective nonlinear corrections associated with quantum gravity theories.
We investigate the generation of atomic-squeezed states due to the dynamical Casimir effect in a lossless optomechanical cavity containing a Bose-Einstein Condensate. In particular, we study the combined effect of dynamical Casimir effect and nonlinear atomic interaction on spin-squeezing for the three special cases- initial cavity field in coherent state, squeezed vaccum state and squeezed state. We show that the dynamical Casimir effect plays a significant role in producing the squeezed-spin states by producing squeezed states of the optical field which is then transferred to the condensate atoms. We further show that the maximum spin-squeezing is obtained in the case of initial cavity field prepared in the squeezed state.