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arXiv:1505.00606 · Physical Review Letters

Raman-Free, Noble-Gas-Filled Photonic-Crystal Fiber Source for Ultrafast, Very Bright Twin-Beam Squeezed Vacuum

Martin A. Finger, T. Sh. Iskhakov, Nicolas Y. Joly, Maria V. Chekhova, Philip St.J. Russell

Published Sep 30, 2015• 85 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We report a novel source of twin beams based on modulational instability in high-pressure argon-filled hollow-core kagome-style photonic-crystal fiber. The source is Raman-free and manifests strong photon-number correlations for femtosecond pulses of squeezed vacuum with a record brightness of ∼2500 photons per mode. The ultra-broadband (∼50 THz) twin beams are frequency tunable and contain one spatial and less than 5 frequency modes. The presented source outperforms all previously reported squeezed-vacuum twin-beam sources in terms of brightness and low mode content.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.115.143602

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We report a novel source of twin beams based on modulational instability in high-pressure argon-filled hollow-core kagome-style photonic-crystal fiber. The source is Raman-free and manifests strong photon-number correlations for femtosecond pulses of squeezed vacuum with a record brightness of ∼2500 photons per mode. The ultra-broadband (∼50 THz) twin beams are frequency tunable and contain one spatial and less than 5 frequency modes. The presented source outperforms all previously reported squeezed-vacuum twin-beam sources in terms of brightness and low mode content.
We vary the time-frequency mode structure of ultrafast pulse-pumped modulational instability (MI) twin beams in an argon-filled hollow-core kagome-style photonic crystal fiber by adjusting the pressure, pump pulse chirp, fiber length, and parametric gain. Compared to solid-core systems, the pressure-dependent dispersion landscape brings increased flexibility to the tailoring of frequency correlations, and we demonstrate that the pump pulse chirp can be used to tune the joint spectrum of femtosecond-pumped ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(3)}$ sources. We also characterize the resulting mode content, not only by measuring the multimode second-order correlation function g(2){g}^{(2)}g(2), but also by directly reconstructing the shapes and weights of time-frequency Schmidt (TFS) modes. We show that the number of modes directly influences the shot-to-shot pulse-energy and spectral-shape fluctuations in MI. Using this approach we control and monitor the number of TFS modes within the range from 1.3 to 4 using only a single fiber.
It has been shown that noble-gas filled hollow-core photonic crystal fibres (HC-PCFs) are suitable for Raman-free generation of entangled sidebands, both in the low-gain regime for the generation of biphoton states and for bright states in the high-gain regime [1] , [2] . The frequency correlations of the bipartite system and its entanglement properties are often described in terms of time-frequency Schmidt (TFS) modes, which can be extracted from the joint spectral amplitude (JSA). It is however experimentally easier to measure the joint spectral intensity (JSI = |JSA| 2 ), which can also yield valuable information about the source [1] . The major difference between twin beam or biphoton generation in a crystal and in a fibre is that in fibre the propagation dynamics of pump, signal and idler play a bigger role due to the much longer path-lengths.
Non-classical correlated twin beams can be generated through the modulational instability in a hollow-core photonic crystal fibre filled with a noble gas. Since the gain is provided by a monatomic gas, the influence of Raman effect, which is typical for fibre-based sources of entangled photons, is avoided. Additionally, the gas pressure together with the frequency chirp of the input pump pulse allow continuous tuning of the number of frequency modes of the twin beams. We combine spectral interferometry and single-shot measurement to retrieve the phase of the noise-driven generated sidebands.
We present the results of an experimental and numerical investigation into temporally nonlocal coherent interactions between ultrashort pulses, mediated by Raman coherence, in a gas-filled kagome-style hollow-core photonic-crystal fiber. A pump pulse first sets up the Raman coherence, creating a refractive index spatiotemporal grating in the gas that travels at the group velocity of the pump pulse. Varying the arrival time of a second, probe, pulse allows a high degree of control over its evolution as it propagates along the fiber through the grating. Of particular interest are soliton-driven effects such as self-compression and dispersive wave (DW) emission. In the experiments reported, a DW is emitted at $\ensuremath{\sim}300\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ and exhibits a wiggling effect, with its central frequency oscillating periodically with pump-probe delay. The results demonstrate that a strong Raman coherence, created in a broadband guiding gas-filled kagome photonic-crystal fiber, can be used to control the nonlinear dynamics of ultrashort probe pulses, even in difficult-to-access spectral regions such as the deep and vacuum ultraviolet.
Tunable biphotons are highly important for a wide range of quantum applications. For some applications, especially interesting are cases where two photons of a pair are far apart in frequency. Here, we report a tunable biphoton source based on a xenon-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber. Tunability is achieved by adjusting the pressure of the gas inside the fiber. This allows us to tailor the dispersion landscape of the fiber, overcoming the principal limitations of solid-core fiber-based biphoton sources. We report a maximum tunability of 120 THz for a pressure range of 4 bar with a continuous shift of 30 THz/bar. At 21 bar, the photons of a pair are separated by more than one octave. Despite the large separation, both photons have large bandwidths. At 17 bar, they form a very broad (110 THz) band around the frequency of the pump.