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arXiv:1501.02091 · Physical Review A

Dipolar bilayer with antiparallel polarization: A self-bound liquid

Martin Hebenstreit, Michael Rader, Robert E. Zillich

Published Jan 12, 2016• 13 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Dipolar bilayers with antiparallel polarization, i.e., opposite polarization in the two layers, exhibit liquidlike rather than gaslike behavior. In particular, even without external pressure, a self-bound liquid droplet of constant density will form. We investigate the symmetric case of two identical layers, corresponding to a two-component Bose system with equal partial densities. The zero-temperature equation of state $E(\ensuremath{\rho})/N$, where $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is the total density, has a minimum, with an equilibrium density that can be adjusted by the distance $d$ between the layers (decreasing with increasing $d$). The attraction necessary for a self-bound liquid comes from the interlayer dipole-dipole interaction that leads to a mediated intralayer attraction. We investigate the regime of negative pressure towards the spinodal instability, where the bilayer is unstable against infinitesimal fluctuations of the total density, confirmed by calculations of the speed of sound of total density fluctuations.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.93.013611

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Dipolar bilayers with antiparallel polarization, i.e., opposite polarization in the two layers, exhibit liquidlike rather than gaslike behavior. In particular, even without external pressure, a self-bound liquid droplet of constant density will form. We investigate the symmetric case of two identical layers, corresponding to a two-component Bose system with equal partial densities. The zero-temperature equation of state E(\ensuremathρ)/NE(\ensuremath{\rho})/NE(\ensuremathρ)/N, where \ensuremathρ\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremathρ is the total density, has a minimum, with an equilibrium density that can be adjusted by the distance ddd between the layers (decreasing with increasing ddd). The attraction necessary for a self-bound liquid comes from the interlayer dipole-dipole interaction that leads to a mediated intralayer attraction. We investigate the regime of negative pressure towards the spinodal instability, where the bilayer is unstable against infinitesimal fluctuations of the total density, confirmed by calculations of the speed of sound of total density fluctuations.
We show that ultradilute quantum liquids can be formed with ultracold bosonic dipolar atoms in a bilayer geometry. Contrary to previous realizations of ultradilute liquids, there is no need for stabilizing the system with an additional repulsive short-range potential. The advantage of the proposed system is that dipolar interactions on their own are sufficient for creation of a self-bound state and no additional short-range potential is needed for the stabilization. We perform quantum Monte Carlo simulations and find a rich ground-state phase diagram that contains quantum phase transitions between liquid, solid, atomic gas, and molecular gas phases. The stabilization mechanism of the liquid phase is consistent with the microscopic scenario in which the effective dimer-dimer attraction is balanced by an effective three-dimer repulsion. The equilibrium density of the liquid, which is extremely small, can be controlled by the interlayer distance. From the equation of state, we extract the spinodal density, below which the homogeneous system breaks into droplets. Our results offer a new example of a two-dimensional interacting dipolar liquid in a clean and highly controllable setup.
We consider a bilayer of dipolar particles in which the polarization of dipoles is perpendicular to the planes, in the antiparallel configuration. Using accurate static structure factor data from hypernetted-chain (HNC) and Fermi HNC calculations, respectively for an isolated layer of dipolar bosons and dipolar fermions, we construct effective screened intralayer interactions. Adopting the random-phase approximation for interlayer interactions, we investigate the instability of these homogeneous bilayer systems towards the formation of density waves by studying the poles of the density–density response function. We have also studied the collective modes of these systems and find that the dispersion of their antisymmetric collective mode signals the emergence of the density wave instability as well.
We show that ultradilute quantum liquids can be formed with ultracold bosonic dipolar atoms in a bilayer geometry. Contrary to previous realizations of ultradilute liquids, there is no need for stabilizing the system with an additional repulsive short-range potential. The advantage of the proposed system is that dipolar interactions on their own are sufficient for creation of a self-bound state and no additional short-range potential is needed for the stabilization. We perform quantum Monte Carlo simulations and find a rich ground-state phase diagram that contains quantum phase transitions between liquid, solid, atomic gas, and molecular gas phases. The stabilization mechanism of the liquid phase is consistent with the microscopic scenario in which the effective dimer-dimer attraction is balanced by an effective three-dimer repulsion. The equilibrium density of the liquid, which is extremely small, can be controlled by the interlayer distance. From the equation of state, we extract the spinodal density, below which the homogeneous system breaks into droplets. Our results offer a new example of a two-dimensional interacting dipolar liquid in a clean and highly controllable setup.
We study the zero temperature phase diagram of an imbalanced bilayer of dipolar fermions. We consider perpendicularly aligned identical dipoles in two layers and investigate the effect of population imbalance on the ground state phase at different layer spacings and average densities. The attractive part of the interlayer interaction could lead to the BEC-BCS crossover and the Fermi surface mismatch between two layers results in interesting uniform and nonuniform superfluid phases, which we have investigated here using the BCS mean-field theory together with the superfluid-mass density criterion. The density imbalance reduces the pairing gap. At low densities, where the system is on the BEC side of the crossover, this reduction is quite smooth while a dense system rapidly becomes normal at intermediate density polarizations. Stable homogeneous superfluidity is predicted to appear on the phase diagram when the dipolar length exceeds both the layer spacing and the average intralayer distance between dipoles, a regime which should be readily accessible experimentally. This homogeneous superfluid phase becomes unstable at intermediate densities and layer spacings. We have also examined that these uniform and inhomogeneous superfluid phases survive when the effects of intralayer screenings are also incorporated in the formalism.
Recently achieved two-component dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates open exciting possibilities for the study of mixtures of ultradilute quantum liquids. While nondipolar self-bound (without external confinement) mixtures are necessarily miscible with an approximately fixed ratio between the two densities, the density ratio for the dipolar case is free. Therefore, self-bound dipolar mixtures present qualitatively novel and much richer physics, characterized by three possible ground-state phases: miscible, symmetric immiscible, and asymmetric immiscible, which may in principle occur at any population imbalance. Self-bound immiscible droplets are possible due to mutual nonlocal intercomponent attraction, which results in the formation of a droplet molecule. Moreover, our analysis of the impurity regime shows that quantum fluctuations in the majority component crucially modify the miscibility of impurities. Our work opens intriguing perspectives for the exploration of spinor physics in ultradilute liquids, which should resemble to some extent that of ^{4}He-^{3}He droplets and impurity-doped helium droplets.
Particles with magnetic moment can be polarized, and rapidly rotated, employing a magnetic field such that the dipolar interaction among them changes sign, becoming antidipolar and thus isotropically attractive in a plane. Polar molecules can also be manipulated using microwave dressing fields to invert the sign of the dipole-dipole interaction. In this work, we study a two-dimensional system of antidipolar particles by calculating its equation of state and structural properties. The system behaves as a liquid even for scattering lengths significantly greater than the dipolar length. For large enough densities, the system transitions to a solid with one particle per lattice site via a first-order phase transition at a significantly smaller density than its dipolar counterpart. Moreover, motivated by the recent realization of a strongly axially trapped, bilayer geometry [Science 384, 546-551 (2024)], we study the properties of the bilayer liquid phase as the inter-layer distance is tuned, and provide the range of parameters where one layer can influence the properties of the other.