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arXiv:1409.5303 · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical

On the complete-spectrum characterization of quantum integrable spin chains via inhomogeneousT–Qrelation

Junpeng Cao, Wen‐Li Yang, Kangjie Shi, Yupeng Wang

Published Oct 15, 2015• 12 citations
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Abstract

With the XXZ spin chains as examples, we prove two theorems: (1) the functional relations derived from the off-diagonal Bethe Ansatz scheme are the sufficient and necessary conditions to characterize the complete spectrum of the corresponding transfer matrix; (2) each eigenvalue of the transfer matrix can be parameterized by a minimal inhomogeneous T – Q relation. These statements hold for both with and without inhomogeneity. The proof can be generalized to other finite-dimensional quantum integrable models.

DOI
10.1088/1751-8113/48/44/444001

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With the XXZ spin chains as examples, we prove two theorems: (1) the functional relations derived from the off-diagonal Bethe Ansatz scheme are the sufficient and necessary conditions to characterize the complete spectrum of the corresponding transfer matrix; (2) each eigenvalue of the transfer matrix can be parameterized by a minimal inhomogeneous T – Q relation. These statements hold for both with and without inhomogeneity. The proof can be generalized to other finite-dimensional quantum integrable models.
We solve the longstanding problem of defining a functional characterization of the spectrum of the transfer matrix associated with the most general spin-1/2 representations of the six-vertex reflection algebra for general inhomogeneous chains. The corresponding homogeneous limit reproduces the spectrum of the Hamiltonian of the spin-1/2 open XXZ and XXX quantum chains with the most general integrable boundaries. The spectrum is characterized by a second order finite difference functional equation of Baxter type with an inhomogeneous term which vanishes only for some special but yet interesting non-diagonal boundary conditions. This functional equation is shown to be equivalent to the known separation of variables (SOV) representation, hence proving that it defines a complete characterization of the transfer matrix spectrum. The polynomial form of the Q -function allows us to show that a finite system of generalized Bethe equations can also be used to describe the complete transfer matrix spectrum.
The off-diagonal Bethe ansatz method is generalized to the high spin integrable systems associated with the su(2) algebra by employing the spin-s isotropic Heisenberg chain model with generic integrable boundaries as an example. With the fusion techniques, certain closed operator identities for constructing the functional T − Q relations and the Bethe ansatz equations are derived. It is found that a variety of inhomogeneous T − Q relations obeying the operator product identities can be constructed. Numerical results for two-site s = 1 case indicate that an arbitrary choice of the derived T − Q relations is enough to give the complete spectrum of the transfer matrix.
We consider the open spin- s XXZ quantum spin chain with nondiagonal boundary terms. By exploiting certain functional relations at roots of unity, we derive a generalized form of T – Q relation involving more than one independent Q ( u ), which we use to propose the Bethe-ansatz-type expressions for the eigenvalues of the transfer matrix. At most two of the boundary parameters are set to be arbitrary and the bulk anisotropy parameter has values η = iπ/2,iπ/4,.... We also provide numerical evidence for the completeness of the Bethe-ansatz-type solutions derived, using the s = 1 case as an example.
In this paper we clarify the relationship between inhomogeneous quantum spin chains and classical integrable many-body systems. It provides an alternative (to the nested Bethe ansatz) method for computation of spectra of the spin chains. Namely, the spectrum of the quantum transfer matrix for the inhomogeneous $ gl $ n -invariant XXX spin chain on N sites with twisted boundary conditions can be found in terms of velocities of particles in the rational N -body Ruijsenaars-Schneider model. The possible values of the velocities are to be found from intersection points of two Lagrangian submanifolds in the phase space of the classical model. One of them is the Lagrangian hyperplane corresponding to fixed coordinates of all N particles and the other one is an N -dimensional Lagrangian submanifold obtained by fixing levels of N classical Hamiltonians in involution. The latter are determined by eigenvalues of the twist matrix. To support this picture, we give a direct proof that the eigenvalues of the Lax matrix for the classical Ruijsenaars-Schneider model, where velocities of particles are substituted by eigenvalues of the spin chain Hamiltonians, calculated through the Bethe equations, coincide with eigenvalues of the twist matrix, with certain multiplicities. We also prove a similar statement for the $ gl $ n Gaudin model with N marked points (on the quantum side) and the Calogero-Moser system with N particles (on the classical side). The realization of the results obtained in terms of branes and supersymmetric gauge theories is also discussed.
The so(5) (i.e., B2) quantum integrable spin chains with both periodic and non-diagonal boundaries are studied via the off-diagonal Bethe Ansatz method. By using the fusion technique, sufficient operator product identities (comparing to those in [1]) to determine the spectrum of the transfer matrices are derived. For the periodic case, we recover the results obtained in [1], while for the non-diagonal boundary case, a new inhomogeneous T−Q relation is constructed. The present method can be directly generalized to deal with the so(2n+1) (i.e., Bn) quantum integrable spin chains with general boundaries.