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arXiv:1406.6819 · Physical Review A

Proper phase imprinting method for a dark soliton excitation in a superfluid Fermi mixture

Krzysztof Sacha, Dominique Delande

Published Aug 26, 2014• 21 citations
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Abstract

It is common knowledge that a dark soliton can be excited in an ultra-cold atomic gas by means of the phase imprinting method. We show that, for a superfluid fermionic mixture, the standard phase imprinting procedure applied to both components fails to create a state with symmetry properties identical to those of the dark soliton solution of the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations. To produce a dark soliton in the BCS regime, a single component of the Fermi mixture should be phase imprinted only.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.90.021604

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We theoretically generalize a systematic language to describe the phase-imprinting technique to investigate the dynamical generation of solitons in a one-dimensional Raman-type spin-orbit-coupled Fermi superfluid. We check our method with the simulation of time-dependent Bogoliubov--de Gennes equations and find that our method not only can generate stable dark and even gray solitons in a conventional Fermi superfluid by controlling the transferred phase jump but also is feasible to create a stable dark soliton in both BCS and topological states of a spin-orbit-coupled Fermi superfluid. We also discuss the physical implication of our method.
The recent experimental realisation of Bose–Fermi superfluid mixtures of dilute ultracold atomic gases has opened new perspectives in the study of quantum many-body systems. Depending on the values of the scattering lengths and the amount of bosons and fermions, a uniform Bose–Fermi mixture is predicted to exhibit a fully mixed phase, a fully separated phase or, in addition, a purely fermionic phase coexisting with a mixed phase. The occurrence of this intermediate configuration has interesting consequences when the system is nonuniform. In this work we theoretically investigate the case of solitonic solutions of coupled Bogoliubov–de Gennes and Gross–Pitaevskii equations for the fermionic and bosonic components, respectively. We show that, in the partially separated phase, a dark soliton in Fermi superfluid is accompanied by a broad bosonic component in the soliton, forming a dark–bright soliton which keeps full spatial coherence.
We investigate the behavior of dark solitons in a superfluid Fermi gas along the BCS-BEC crossover by solving the Bogoliubov--de Gennes equations and looking for real and odd solutions for the order parameter. We show that in the resonance unitary region, where the scattering length is large, the density profile of the soliton has a deep minimum, differently from what happens in the BCS regime. The superfluid gap is found to be significantly quenched by the presence of the soliton due to the occurrence of Andreev fermionic bound states localized near the nodal plane of the order parameter.
We use a finite-temperature effective field theory recently developed for superfluid Fermi gases to investigate the properties of dark solitons in these superfluids. Our approach provides an analytic solution for the dip in the order parameter and the phase profile across the soliton, which can be compared with results obtained in the framework of the Bogoliubov--de Gennes equations. We present results in the whole range of the BCS-BEC crossover, for arbitrary temperatures and taking into account Gaussian fluctuations about the saddle point. The obtained analytic solutions yield an exact energy-momentum relation for a dark soliton showing that the soliton in a Fermi gas behaves like a classical particle even at nonzero temperatures. The spatial profile of the pair field and for the parameters of state for the soliton are analytically studied.
We will discuss recent results on the theoretical and experimental investigations on solitons in a superfluid Fermi gas along the BCS-BEC crossover. On the theory side, by solving the Bogoliubov de Gennes equations and looking for real and odd solutions for the order parameter, it has been shown that a dark soliton at unitarity posses a large density contrast and fermionic bound states. The superfluid gap is found to be significantly quenched by the presence of the soliton due to the occurrence of Andreev fermionic bound states localized near the nodal plane of the order parameter. By solving the time dependent Bogoliubov de Gennes equations, also the decay and collisions of dark solitons has been investigated. Recently, a cascade of Solitonic Excitations in a Superfluid Fermi gas has been experimentally observed.