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arXiv:1401.2718

Trapping of slow-speed particles in a gas cell by the nonhomogeneous electromagnetic field intensifying with time

А. Ч. Измайлов

Published Jan 13, 2014• 0 citations
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Abstract

Author suggests and analyzes new universal trapping method of comparatively slow-speed particles of a rarefied gas medium in the potential well induced by the nonhomogeneous electromagnetic field increasing with time (up to some moment). Given method is especially effective at inelastic collisions of particles with walls of the gas cell when necessary preliminary slowdown of particles is possible for their following capture even to a highly shallow potential depth. Corresponding sufficiently compact and simple electromagnetic traps may be used for capture and accumulation not only slow-speed micro- and nano-particles in the high vacuum but also atoms and molecules of a rarefied gas in a cell.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1401.2718

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Author suggests and analyzes new universal trapping method of comparatively slow-speed particles of a rarefied gas medium in the potential well induced by the nonhomogeneous electromagnetic field increasing with time (up to some moment). Given method is especially effective at inelastic collisions of particles with walls of the gas cell when necessary preliminary slowdown of particles is possible for their following capture even to a highly shallow potential depth. Corresponding sufficiently compact and simple electromagnetic traps may be used for capture and accumulation not only slow-speed micro- and nano-particles in the high vacuum but also atoms and molecules of a rarefied gas in a cell.
The possibility of a significant slowdown of particles by removing them from a localized state in an electromagnetic potential well with a fixed spatial distribution is shown with a sufficiently slow decrease in the depth of this well with time. It is believed that the considered particles are in high vacuum conditions and forces acting on them are not dissipative, i.e. these particles move without friction. Depending on whether the particles have an electric (magnetic) dipole moment, a controlled electric (magnetic) field or nonresonant laser radiation can be used to slow them down in this way. A detailed analysis of the features and efficiency of the established particle deceleration mechanism was carried out on the example of the one-dimensional rectangular potential well based on simple mathematical relationships. The obtained results can be used in the mechanics of micro- and nanoparticles in high vacuum, and under certain conditions also in ultra-high resolution spectroscopy of atoms and molecules "cooled" by the proposed method.
We analyze possible motion control of microparticles by means of external electromagnetic fields which induce potential wells having fixed spatial distribution but deepening over time up to some limit. It is assumed that given particles are under conditions of the high vacuum and forces acting on these particles are not dissipative. We have established slowdown of comparatively fast particles as a result of their transit through considered potential wells. This process is demonstrated on example of the nonresonance laser beam with the intensity amplifying over time. More detailed research of particle slowdown in such electromagnetic fields is carried out on the basis of simple analytical relationships obtained from basic equations of classical mechanics for the model of the one-dimensional rectangular potential well deepening over time. Method for cooling of particles, demonstrated in the present work, may be applied for essential increase of spectroscopy resolution of various microparticles, including in definite cases also atoms and molecules in the ground quantum state.
On the basis of fundamental relations of classical mechanics, we established a mechanism of trapping and localization of sufficiently slow particles by an electromagnetic potential well that becomes deeper over time (up to a certain limit). It is assumed that these particles are contained in high vacuum, and acting upon them forces are not dissipative. Such potential wells can be created by means of an electromagnetic field (nonresonance radiation, in particular) with fixed spatial distribution and nondecreasing over time electric field strength. Trapping and localization of particles in such electromagnetic traps, which takes place due to gradient forces, is analyzed for laser beams with typical intensity distribution. The obtained results can be used in high-resolution spectroscopy of different particles, including, in some cases, atoms and molecules.
The possibility of controlling the motion of microparticles by means of external electromagnetic fields (nonresonance laser radiation, in particular) that induce potential wells for such particles, which are characterized by fixed spatial distribution but deepen over time to a certain level, are analyzed. It is assumed that the particles are located in high vacuum and are affected by nondissipative external forces. Slowing down of relatively fast particles when they pass through the discussed potential wells is shown. Such slowing down of particles is demonstrated using a nonresonance laser beam with intensity increasing over time as an example. Specific features of particle dynamics in the electromagnetic fields under consideration in the case of a one-dimensional rectangular potential well are studied in detail based on simple analytical relations derived from the fundamental equations of classical mechanics. The methods of particle cooling and localization demonstrated in the present work can substantially increase spectroscopy resolution of various microparticles, including, under certain conditions, atoms and molecules.
This work continues a theoretical investigation of the capabilities of the well-known method based on using a monochromatic probe light beam in combination with optical pumping of atoms (molecules) of a rarefied-gas medium by a broadband radiation in a thin cell the diameter of which is much larger than its internal thickness. In contrast to calculations carried out in the previous publications on this method of spectroscopy, here, we consider the case of arbitrary values of pump intensity and thickness of a cylindrical gas cell. Thus, all the possible mechanisms and specificities of velocity selection of atoms in optically excited levels caused by transit-time relaxation of such atoms in gas cells of this kind are analyzed. Within the framework of this approach, sub-Doppler absorption resonances of the probe light beam corresponding to quantum transitions from the upper level excited by optical pumping are investigated. The obtained results can be used in high-resolution spectroscopy of atoms (molecules), as well as for laser-frequency stabilization to established narrow spectral resonances.
The vacuum cavity mode induces a potential barrier and a well when an ultraslow excited atom enters the interaction region so that it can be reflected or transmitted with a certain probability. We demonstrate here that a slow-velocity excited particle tunnels freely through a vacuum electromagnetic field mode filled with $N\ensuremath{-}1$ ground state atoms. The reason for this is the trapping of the moving atom into its upper state due to multiparticle influences and the corresponding decoupling from the interaction with the environment such that the emitter does not ``see'' the induced potentials.