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arXiv:1604.07345

Slowdown of microparticles by an electromagnetic potential well deepening over time

А. Ч. Измайлов

Published Apr 15, 2016• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We analyze possible motion control of microparticles by means of external electromagnetic fields which induce potential wells having fixed spatial distribution but deepening over time up to some limit. It is assumed that given particles are under conditions of the high vacuum and forces acting on these particles are not dissipative. We have established slowdown of comparatively fast particles as a result of their transit through considered potential wells. This process is demonstrated on example of the nonresonance laser beam with the intensity amplifying over time. More detailed research of particle slowdown in such electromagnetic fields is carried out on the basis of simple analytical relationships obtained from basic equations of classical mechanics for the model of the one-dimensional rectangular potential well deepening over time. Method for cooling of particles, demonstrated in the present work, may be applied for essential increase of spectroscopy resolution of various microparticles, including in definite cases also atoms and molecules in the ground quantum state.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1604.07345

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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE•Apr 18, 2017•0 citations
We analyze possible motion control of microparticles by means of external electromagnetic fields which induce potential wells having fixed spatial distribution but deepening over time up to some limit. It is assumed that given particles are under conditions of the high vacuum and forces acting on these particles are not dissipative. We have established slowdown of comparatively fast particles as a result of their transit through considered potential wells. This process is demonstrated on example of the nonresonance laser beam with the intensity amplifying over time. More detailed research of particle slowdown in such electromagnetic fields is carried out on the basis of simple analytical relationships obtained from basic equations of classical mechanics for the model of the one-dimensional rectangular potential well deepening over time. Method for cooling of particles, demonstrated in the present work, may be applied for essential increase of spectroscopy resolution of various microparticles, including in definite cases also atoms and molecules in the ground quantum state.
The possibility of controlling the motion of microparticles by means of external electromagnetic fields (nonresonance laser radiation, in particular) that induce potential wells for such particles, which are characterized by fixed spatial distribution but deepen over time to a certain level, are analyzed. It is assumed that the particles are located in high vacuum and are affected by nondissipative external forces. Slowing down of relatively fast particles when they pass through the discussed potential wells is shown. Such slowing down of particles is demonstrated using a nonresonance laser beam with intensity increasing over time as an example. Specific features of particle dynamics in the electromagnetic fields under consideration in the case of a one-dimensional rectangular potential well are studied in detail based on simple analytical relations derived from the fundamental equations of classical mechanics. The methods of particle cooling and localization demonstrated in the present work can substantially increase spectroscopy resolution of various microparticles, including, under certain conditions, atoms and molecules.
The possibility of a significant slowdown of particles by removing them from a localized state in an electromagnetic potential well with a fixed spatial distribution is shown with a sufficiently slow decrease in the depth of this well with time. It is believed that the considered particles are in high vacuum conditions and forces acting on them are not dissipative, i.e. these particles move without friction. Depending on whether the particles have an electric (magnetic) dipole moment, a controlled electric (magnetic) field or nonresonant laser radiation can be used to slow them down in this way. A detailed analysis of the features and efficiency of the established particle deceleration mechanism was carried out on the example of the one-dimensional rectangular potential well based on simple mathematical relationships. The obtained results can be used in the mechanics of micro- and nanoparticles in high vacuum, and under certain conditions also in ultra-high resolution spectroscopy of atoms and molecules "cooled" by the proposed method.
On the basis of fundamental relations of classical mechanics, we established a mechanism of trapping and localization of sufficiently slow particles by an electromagnetic potential well that becomes deeper over time (up to a certain limit). It is assumed that these particles are contained in high vacuum, and acting upon them forces are not dissipative. Such potential wells can be created by means of an electromagnetic field (nonresonance radiation, in particular) with fixed spatial distribution and nondecreasing over time electric field strength. Trapping and localization of particles in such electromagnetic traps, which takes place due to gradient forces, is analyzed for laser beams with typical intensity distribution. The obtained results can be used in high-resolution spectroscopy of different particles, including, in some cases, atoms and molecules.
Author suggests and analyzes new universal trapping method of comparatively slow-speed particles of a rarefied gas medium in the potential well induced by the nonhomogeneous electromagnetic field increasing with time (up to some moment). Given method is especially effective at inelastic collisions of particles with walls of the gas cell when necessary preliminary slowdown of particles is possible for their following capture even to a highly shallow potential depth. Corresponding sufficiently compact and simple electromagnetic traps may be used for capture and accumulation not only slow-speed micro- and nano-particles in the high vacuum but also atoms and molecules of a rarefied gas in a cell.
Dynamics of cold atoms in laser standing wave is a subject of a great interest, stimulated by the main problem of nano-lithography with cooled atoms: We can obtain the very narrow width of cooled atoms, much less than wavelength of optical radiation, by focusing in standing wave. We consider the possibility to increase the efficiency which means obtaining the very narrow width of atoms by focusing all atoms of an initial atom beam by controlling of an atom dynamics in periodic potential of standing wave. Such control for cooled atom dynamics achieves by using the additional laser field. There are two additional possibilities of atom focusing to comparing with usual focusing without control function. The first, the control function was chosen so that all atoms fall into potential wells of standing wave. In this case we obtain the increasing of atom number in five times (compare with ordinary focusing). At the same time, the width of atom distribution function inside wells is about /spl lambda//20. In the second case, the control function was chosen so that all atoms prepare on the hills of the periodical potential. For such unusual focusing we demonstrate that the width of atoms can be done extraordinary narrow 6 nm and an atom number increases in one hundred times.
We demonstrate the transfer of orbital angular momentum to optically levitated microparticles in vacuum [1]. We prepare two-dimensional and three-dimensional optical potentials. In the former case the microparticle is placed within a Laguerre-Gaussian beam and orbits the annular beam profile with increasing angular velocity as the air drag coefficient is reduced. We explore the particle dynamics as a function of the topological charge of the levitating beam. Our results reveal that there is a fundamental limit to the orbital angular momentum that may be transferred to a trapped particle, dependent upon the beam parameters and inertial forces present. This effect was predicted theoretically [2] and can be understood considering the underlying dynamics arising from the link between the magnitude of the azimuthal index and the beam radius [3]. Whilst a Laguerre-Gaussian beam scales in size with azimuthal index `, recently we have created a “perfect” vortex beam whose radial intensity profile and radius are both independent of topological charge [4, 5]. As the Fourier transform of a perfect vortex yields a Bessel beam. Imaging a perfect vortex, with its subsequent propagation thus realises a complex three dimensional optical field. In this scenario we load individual silica microparticles into this field and observe their trajectories. The optical gradient and scattering forces interplay with the inertial and gravitational forces acting on the trapped particle, including the rotational degrees of freedom. As a result the trapped microparticle exhibits a complex three dimensional motion that includes a periodic orbital motion between the Bessel and the perfect vortex beam. We are able to determine the three dimensional optical potential in situ by tracking the particle. This first demonstration of trapping microparticles within a complex three dimensional optical potential in vacuum opens up new possibilities for fundamental studies of many-body dynamics, mesoscopic entanglement [6, 7], and optical binding [8, 9].